Organic Chemistry জৈব রসায়ন
Organic Chemistry জৈব রসায়ন
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জৈব রসায়ন
ভূমিকা
হাইড্রোকার্বন ও এর জাতকসমূহকে হাইড্রোকার্বন বলা হয় । রসায়নের যে শাখায় এর পর্যালোচনা করা হয় তাই জৈব রসায়ন। যদিও 1828 সালে বিজ্ঞানী ফ্রেড্রিখ উহলার অ্যামোনিয়াম সায়ানেট থেকে ইউরিয়া প্রস্তুতি পূর্ববর্তী সময় পর্যন্ত রসায়নবিদদের একটা ধারণা ছিল যে, জীবিত বস্তুসমূহ এর রসায়ন জৈব রসায়নের অন্তর্ভুক্ত বিষয়। পরবর্তীতে হাইড্রোকার্বন এর হাইড্রোজেন পরমাণুতে বিভিন্ন গ্রুপ বা মুলক দ্বারা প্রতিস্থাপন করে বিভিন্ন শ্রেণীর জৈব যৌগ সংশ্লেষ করা হয়েছে। জৈব যৌগের গঠন উপাদান একই হলে তারা একটি সমগোত্রীয় শ্রেণীর অন্তর্ভুক্ত হয়। সাধারণত জৈব যৌগের কার্যকরী মূলক কি জানা থাকলে সংশ্লিষ্ট শ্রেণীর ভৌত ও রাসায়নিক ধর্ম গুলি ব্যাখ্যা সহ জৈব যৌগের শ্রেণীবিভাগ, কার্যকরী মূলক, সমানুতা, জৈব বিক্রিয়ার কৌশল, জৈব যৌগের কার্যকরী মূলক সনাক্তকরণ ও অতি প্রয়োজনীয় প্রাত্যহিক জীবনে ব্যবহার্য পলিমার, ঔষধ, প্যারাসিটামল ডেটল ইত্যাদি সম্পর্কে জ্ঞান নির্ভর আলোচনা করা হয়েছে এই অধ্যায়টিতে। আশাকরি শিক্ষার্থীরা জৈব যৌগ পাঠশেষে উপকৃত হবে।
Aa¨vq-2 (‰Re imvqb)
‰Re †hŠM I ˆRe imvq‡bi msÁv:
Drm I cÖ¯‘Z c×wZ wbwe©Pv‡i Kve©‡bi m‡½ Ab¨ GK ev GKvwaK †gŠ‡ji mgš^‡q MwVZ †hŠM‡K ‰Re †hŠM e‡j| †hgb: CH4, CH3OH, CH3NH2, CHCl3 BZ¨vw` meB ˆRe †hŠM| G‡ÿ‡Î e¨wZµg n‡jv: Kve©‡bi A·vBW, mvjdvBW, Kve©‡bU, mvqvbvBW, avZz Kve©vBW BZ¨vw` Kve©‡bi †hŠM n‡jI ˆRe †hŠM bq|
‰Re I A‰Re †hŠ‡Mi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨:
‰Re †hŠM | A‰Re †hŠM |
1| nvB‡WªvKve©b I nvB‡WªvKve©b n‡Z D™¢~Z †hŠMmg~n‡K ‰Re †hŠM e‡j| A‡bK ‰Re †hŠM Rxebxkw³i cÖfv‡e cÖvK…wZKfv‡e ˆZwi nq| †hgb: †Zj, Pwe©, wPwb, ÷vP©, †mjy‡jvR, ‡cÖvwUb BZ¨vw` cÖvK…wZKfv‡e m„ó ˆRe †hŠM| | 1| A‰Re cÖwµqvq m„ó †hŠMmg~n‡K A‰Re †hŠM e‡j| A‰Re †hŠM m„wó‡Z †Kv‡bv Rxebxkw³i cÖfve †bB; Giv wewfbœ LwbR, Ro e¯‘ †_‡K ‰Zwi nq| †hgb: cvwb, jeY, Zzu‡Z, LwbR GwmW (HCl, HNO3, H2SO4), Pzb, Kve©‡bUmg~n BZ¨vw` meB A‰Re †hŠM| |
2| ‰Re †hŠ‡M Aek¨B Kve©b _v‡K; Kve©‡bi m‡½ cÖavbZ H Ges †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î O, N, S, P, n¨v‡jv‡Rb BZ¨vw` †gŠj _v‡K| †hgb-CH4, CH3OH, CH3NH2, CHCl3 BZ¨vw`| | 2| A‰Re †hŠM MV‡bi †ÿ‡Î †h‡Kv‡bv `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK †gŠj _vK‡Z cv‡i| †hgb-H2O, NaCl, HCl, HNO3 BZ¨vw`| |
3| ˆRe †hŠM cÖavbZ mg‡hvRx cÖK…wZi nq| GRb¨ Giv A`vbv`vi KwVb ev Zij ev M¨vmxq nq Ges G‡`i Mjbv¼ I ùzUbv¼ wb¤œ (ùzUbv¼ 3500C Gi Kg) nq| | 3| A‰Re †hŠM AvqwbK I mg‡hvRx Dfq cÖK…wZi n‡Z cv‡i| AvqwbK cÖK…wZi A‰Re †hŠMmg~n mvaviYZ †KjvmvKvi I D”P Mjbv¼ I ùzUbv¼ wewkó (Mjbv¼ 7000C Gi †ewk) nq| |
4| AwaKvsk ˆRe †hŠM D”P AvYweK fiwewkó cwjgvi Ae¯’vq weivR K‡i| ZvB G‡`i AYy‡Z eû msL¨K cigvYy _v‡K Ges AYyi MVb †ek RwUj nq| †hgb-÷P©/‡mjy‡jvR [C6H10O5)n], †cÖvwUb, cwjw_b BZ¨vw`i AYyi MVb †ek RwUj| | 4| A‰Re †hŠM mvaviYZ wb¤œ AvYweK fiwewkó; G‡`i AYyi MVb mij| G‡`i AYy‡Z Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg msL¨K cigvYy _v‡K| †hgb-H2O, HCl BZ¨vw`| |
5| AwaKvsk ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi AYy A‡cvjvi| Giv cvwb ev †cvjvi `ªve‡K A`ªeYxq wKš‘ ‰Re `ªve‡K `ªeYxq| Z‡e Aw·‡Rbhy³ I ‡QvU AYywewkó ˆRe †hŠMmg~n †hgb: wPwb, B_vbj, wg_vbj, diwgK GwmW BZ¨vw` cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq| | 5| AwaKvsk A‰Re †hŠ‡Mi AYy †cvjvi e‡j Giv cvwb ev †cvjvi `ªve‡K `ªexf~Z nq| wKš‘ ˆRe `ªve‡K A`ªeYxq| †hgb: †mvwWqvg †K¬vivBW cvwb‡Z `ªexf~Z nq wKš‘ †c‡Uªv‡j A`ªeYxq| |
6| ˆRe †hŠM `ªe‡Y weMwjZ Ae¯’vq AvqwbZ nq bv e‡j Giv Zwor we‡køl¨ wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i bv| | 6| A‰Re †hŠM `ªe‡Y ev MwjZ Ae¯’vq AvqwbZ nq e‡j Zwor we‡køl¨ wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| |
7| cÖ‡Z¨K ˆRe †hŠM GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡MvÎxq †kÖwYi AšÍfz©³| Giv Av‡jvK mgvYyZv ag© cÖ`k©b K‡i| | 7| A‰Re †hŠMmg~‡ni †Kv‡bv mg‡MvÎxq †kÖwY †bB| Giv mgvYyZv a‡g©i cwie‡Z© mgiƒcZv cÖ`k©b K‡i| |
8| ˆRe ‡hŠMmg~n mn‡R R¦‡j, R¦j‡b M¨vmxq c`v_© ˆZwi nq e‡j R¦jb †k‡l cv‡Î †Kv‡bv Ae‡kl _v‡K bv| | 8| A‰Re †hŠMmg~n mvaviYZ R¦‡j bv; Z‡e R¦j‡j cv‡Î AbyØvqx KwVb Ae‡kl ‡_‡K hvq| |
9| Kve©‡bi PZz‡h©vR¨Zv I K¨v‡U‡bkb K‡g©i Kvi‡Y ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi msL¨v 80 jv‡Li †ewk| | 9| A‰Re †hŠ‡M Kve©‡bi g‡Zv †Kv‡bv we‡kl ˆewkó¨ m¤úbœ †gŠj wbw`©ófv‡e _v‡K bv e‡j G‡`i msL¨v ¯^í (1 jv‡Li Kg) |
10| AwaKvsk ‰Re †hŠ‡Mi wewµqv RwUj cÖK…wZi Ges ax‡i ax‡i m¤úbœ nq| | A‰Re †hŠ‡Mi wewµqv mij cÖK…wZi Ges `ªe‡Y Giv `ªæZ wewµqv K‡i| |
‰Re †hŠ‡Mi cÖKvi‡f`:
ˆewkó¨ I †PB‡bi ai‡bi wfwˇZ ‰Re †hŠMmg~n‡K wb‡¤œv³fv‡e †kÖwYwefvM Kiv nq|
‰Re †hŠ‡Mi †kÖwYwefvM
A¨vwj‡dwUK †hŠM:
wMÖK A¨vwjdvi A_©vr †Zj ev Pwe© n‡Z A¨vwj‡dwUK kãwU †bIqv n‡q‡Q| eZ©gv‡b A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM Qvov evwK mKj ˆRe †hŠM‡K A¨vwj‡dwUK †hŠM ejv nq|
A¨vwj‡dwUK †hŠ‡Mi D`vniY: CH4 (wg‡_b), CH3OH (wg_vbj), CH3CHO (B_vb¨vj), CH3COOH (B_vbwqK GwmW), H2C = CH2 (Bw_b)|
Kve©b wkK‡ji ai‡bi wfwˇZ A¨vwj‡dwUK †hŠM‡K Avevi `ywU †kÖwY‡Z fvM Kiv nq| h_v-
(K) gy³ wkKj A¨vwj‡dwUK †hŠM Ges
(L) e× wkKj A¨vwj‡dwUK †hŠM ev A¨vwjmvBwK¬K †hŠM|
(K) gy³ wkKj A¨vwj‡dwUK †hŠM:
‡hme A¨vwj‡dwUK ‡hŠ‡Mi Kve©b wkKjwU †Lvjv _v‡K, Kve©b wkK‡j `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK gy³ cÖvšÍ _v‡K Ges †Kv‡bv Kve©bPµ _v‡K bv Zv‡`i gy³ wkKj A¨vwj‡dwUK ‡hŠM e‡j| †hgb-
Kve©b-Kve©b e܇bi cÖK…wZ Abyhvqx gy³ wkKj A¨vwj‡dwUK †hŠMmg~n‡K AviI 2wU †kÖwY‡Z fvM Kiv hvq| h_v-
(1) m¤ú„³ gy³ wkKj A¨vwj‡dwUK †hŠM: †hme gy³ wkKj †hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z Kve©b cigvYy¸‡jv ci¯úi GKK eÜb Øviv hy³ _v‡K; †Kv‡bv wØ-eÜb ev wÎ-eÜb _v‡K bv Zv‡`i m¤ú„³ gy³ wkKj A¨vwj‡dwUK †hŠM e‡j| †hgb-
CH3 – CH2 – CH3, CH3 – CH – CH2 – CH3
(2) Am¤ú„³ gy³ wkKj A¨vwj‡dwUK †hŠM: †hme gy³ wkKj †hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z AšÍZ GKwU Kve©b-Kve©b wØ-eÜb (- C = C -) ev wÎ-eÜb (- C º C -) we`¨gvb _v‡K Zv‡`i Am¤ú„³ gy³ wkKj A¨vwj‡dwUK †hŠM e‡j| †hgb-
CH3 – CH = CH2, CH3 – CH2 – C º CH
(L) A¨vwjmvBwK¬K †hŠM ev e× wkKj A¨vwj‡dwUK †hŠM:
‡hme A¨vwj‡dwUK †hŠ‡Mi AYyi wkK‡j cÖvšÍxq Kve©b cigvYyØq ci¯úi ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Amg cigvYyi gva¨‡g hy³ n‡q GKwU Pµ MVb K‡i Zv‡`i e× wkKj A¨vwj‡dwUK ‡hŠM ev A¨vwjmvBwK¬K †hŠM e‡j| †hgb-
A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM:
‡ebwRb, †ebwR‡bi RvZK Ges †ebwR‡bi b¨vq ag©wewkó PµvKvi †hŠMmg~n‡K A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM e‡j| A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠMmg~n‡K A¨vwib ev A¨v‡iv‡gwUKm ejv nq|
‰Re †hŠM MVb Kve©b †gŠ‡ji wewkóZ:
1| Kve©b K¨vwU‡bkb ag© †`Lvq|
2| Kve©b wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ I Ab¨ †gŠ‡ji m‡½ wmMgv (s) eÜb MV‡bi cvkvcvwk cvB (p) eÜb MVb K‡i wØ-eÜb ev wÎ-e܇b hy³ n‡Z cv‡i|
3| Kve©‡bi †hŠM Z_v ˆRe †hŠMmg~n mgvYyZv ag© †`Lvq|
4| Kve©b D”P AvYweK fiwewkó eû ˆRe cwjgvi †hgb-÷vP©, †cÖvwUb, †mjy‡jvR, wmé, cwjw_b, cwj÷vBwib, wcwfwm BZ¨vw` ˆZwi K‡i|
5| Kve©‡bi †hŠM msL¨v Ab¨vb¨ †gŠ‡ji Zzjbvq A¯^vfvweK iK‡gi †ewk| †gvU 82 jvL †hŠ‡Mi g‡a¨ 80 jvLB n‡jv Kve©b †hŠM Z_v ˆRe †hŠM|
K¨vwU‡bkb:
‡Kv‡bv †gŠ‡ji cigvYymg~n wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ mg‡hvRx e܇b hy³ n‡q `xN© wkKj ev †PBb MV‡bi ag©‡K K¨vwU‡bkb e‡j| Kve©b-PZz‡h©vR¨Zv, AiweUv‡ji msKiY I Kve©b-Kve©b e܇bi AwaK w¯’wZkxjZvi Kvi‡Y K¨vwU‡bkb †`Lvq Z_v Kve©b wewfbœ ‰`‡N©¨i ev AvK…wZi (‡Lvjv ev PµvKvi) wkKjhy³ m¤ú„³ (GKK eÜbhy³) ev Am¤ú„³ (wØ-eÜb ev wÎ-eÜbhy³) ˆRe †hŠM MVb K‡i| K¨vwU‡bk‡bi cÖK…ó D`vniY n‡jv dzjvwibm; dzjvwibmg~n n‡jv Kve©‡bi AviI GK ai‡bi wÎgvwÎK iƒc‡f`, hviv m¤ú~Y©fv‡e K¨vwU‡b‡UW Kve©b wkKj Øviv ‰Zwi dvucv †MvjK ev wUDe we‡kl| dzjvwibmg~‡n 30 †_‡K 70 wU sp2 msKwiZ Kve©b cigvYy ci¯úi mg‡hvRx e܇b hy³ _v‡K|
Kve©b-Kve©b e܇bi AwaK w¯’wZkxjZv:
Kve©b-Kve©b eÜb kw³i gvb GKB ch©v‡qi Ab¨vb¨ AavZe †gŠ‡ji (bvB‡Uªv‡Rb, Aw·‡Rb, †d¬vwib) eÜb kw³ A‡cÿv A‡bK †ewk e‡j Kve©b †hŠMmg~n Ab¨vb¨ †gŠj †_‡K ‡ewk w¯’wZkxj|
C – C eÜb kw³i gvb D”P nIqvi KviY n‡jv-Kve©‡bi Zwor FYvZ¥KZvi gvb (2.5) Gi ch©v‡qi cÖ_g (Li = 1) I †kl (F=4) ‡gŠ‡ji gvSvgvwS ev Mogv‡bi mgvb nIqv| ÿz`ªvKvi (cvigvYweK e¨vmva© = 0.077nm) Kve©b cigvYyi †hvR¨Zv B‡jKUªb ¯Íi 2q kw³¯Íi nIqvq `ywU Kve©b cigvYyi msKwiZ AiweUvj¸‡jvi AwaK nv‡i AwaµgY N‡U| Kve©‡bi msKi AiweUvjmg~‡n p-AiweUv‡ji AbycvZ hZ Kg n‡e AiweUv‡ji AvKvi ZZ †QvU n‡e Ges AiweUvjmg~‡ni gy‡LvgywL Awaµg‡Yi gvÎv AviI evo‡Z _v‡K|
Kve©‡bi †hŠM Z_v ˆRe †hŠMmg~n mgvYyZv ag© †`Lvq:
wbw`©ó AvYweK ms‡KZwewkó †Kv‡bv ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi wfbœ wkK‡ji MVb ev AYy‡Z cigvYy ev g~jKmg~‡ni wfbœ m¾v ev ¯’vwbK web¨v‡mi Kvi‡Y wfbœ a‡g© I bv‡g Avwef©~Z nIqvi welqwU‡K mgvYyZv e‡j| mgvYyZvi Kvi‡Y ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi msL¨v eû¸‡Y e„w× cvq|
mg‡MvÎxq †kÖwY:
‡nv‡gv‡jvMvm wmwiR ev mg‡MvÎxq †kÖwYi msÁv: GKB †gŠj Øviv MwVZ mgag©x †hŠMmg~n, hv‡`i GKwU mvaviY bvg, mvaviY ms‡KZ I mvaviY Kvh©Kix g~jK i‡q‡Q; hv‡`i AvYweK f‡ii µgvbyhvqx mvRv‡j cvkvcvwk `ywU †hŠ‡Mi g‡a¨ wgw_wjb (-CH2-) g~j‡Ki cv_©K¨ _v‡K Ges hv‡`i †fŠZ a‡g© wbqwgZ µg I ivmvqwbK a‡g© mv`„k¨ †`Lv hvq Zv‡`i ‡kÖwY‡K †nv‡gv‡jvMvm wmwiR ev mg‡MvÎxq †kÖwY e‡j|
Kvh©Kix g~jK:
‡Kv‡bv ‰Re †hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z Dcw¯’Z †hme cigvYy ev cigvYy‡Mvôx A_ev wPý D³ †hŠ‡Mi ag© I wewµqv Kvh©Kifv‡e wbqš¿Y K‡i Zv‡`i‡K Kvh©Kix g~jK e‡j|
D`vniY:
wg_vBj A¨vj‡Kvnj- CH3OH
B_vBj A¨vj‡Kvnj-C2H5OH
G‡`i AYyw¯’Z nvBWªw·j g~jK (- OH) G‡`i ivmvqwbK ag© I wewµqv wbqš¿Y K‡i _v‡K| Kv‡RB A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji Kvh©Kix g~jK n‡jv GK‡hvMx nvBWªw·j g~jK (- OH)|
AMÖMY¨ ZvwjKv (Priority table):
Kvh©Kix g~j‡Ki AMÖvwaKiY µg | µ.bs | mg‡MvÎxq †kÖwYi bvg | Kvh©Kix g~j‡Ki ms‡KZ | bvg c~e© c` | bv‡gi ci ci |
1 | Kve©w·wjK GwmW | -COOH | - | -AwqK GwmW/bwqK GwmW | |
2 | mvj‡dvwbK GwmW | -SO3H | - | -mvj‡dvwbK GwmW | |
3 | GwmW n¨vjvBW | -COX | - | -Awqj n¨vjvBW | |
4 | A¨vgvBW | -CONH2 | A¨vgvB‡ | -A¨vgvBW | |
5 | bvBUªvBj | -CN | mvqv‡bv- | -bvBUªvBj | |
6 | A¨vjwWnvBW | -CHO | A¨vjKv‡bvwqj- | -A¨vj(-al)/ b¨vj | |
7 | wK‡Uvb | - | A‡·v- | -Ib(-one)/ ‡bvb | |
8 | A¨vj‡Kvnj | -OH | nvBWªw·- | -Aj(-ol)/ bj | |
9 | _v‡qvb | -SH | gviK¨vc‡Uv | -_v‡qvj (thiol) | |
10 | A¨vwgb | -NH2 | A¨vwg‡bv- | -A¨vwgb (-amine) | |
11 | A¨vjwKb | -C = C - | - | - Bb (-ene) | |
12 | A¨vjKvBb | -C º C - | - | -AvBb (yne) | |
13 | A¨vj‡Kb | ê ê - C - C- ê ê | - | -Gb (-ane) | |
14 | B_vi | - OR | A¨vjKw· | - | |
15 | n¨v‡jv‡Rb | - X | n¨v‡jv | - | |
16 | bvB‡Uªv | - NO2 | bvB‡Uªv | - | |
17 | A¨vjKvBj | - R | A¨vjKvBj | - |
‰Re †hŠ‡Mi mgvYyZv I Gi cÖKvi‡f`:
mgvYyZv: †hme †hŠ‡Mi AvYweK ms‡KZ GKB, wKš‘ Kgc‡ÿ GKwU †fŠZ ev ivmvqwbK a‡g© cv_©K¨ we`¨gvb _v‡K Zv‡`i ci¯ú‡ii mgvYy ev AvB‡mvgvi e‡j Ges G welqwUB mgvYyZv|
‡hgb C4H10 AvYweK ms‡KZwewkó †hŠ‡Mi `ywU wkKj mgvYy n‡jv-
CH3
ê
CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH3 CH3 – CH – CH3
weD‡Ub 2- wg_vBj‡cÖv‡cb
mgvYymg~n wfbœ †hŠM, wKš‘ Zv‡`i AvYweK ms‡KZ Awfbœ| ‰Re †hŠ‡Mi mgvYyZv‡K `ywU fv‡M wef³ Kiv nq| h_v-
1. MvVwbK ev KvVv‡gvMZ mgvYyZv; 2. wÎgvwÎK ev †÷wiI mgvYyZv|
MvVwbK ev KvVv‡gvMZ mgvYyZv:
GKB AvYweK ms‡KZwewkó ˆRe †hŠ‡M we`¨gvb cigvYymg~‡ni Ae¯’vb web¨A‡mi cv_©K¨RwbZ Kvi‡Y m„ó mgvYyZv‡K MvVwbK mgvYyZv e‡j| MvVwbK mgvYyZv cuvP cÖKvi|
h_v: (i) wkKj mgvYyZv (ii) Kvh©Kix g~jK mgvYyZv (iii) Ae¯’vb mgvYyZv (iv) ‡gUvgvwiRg (v) U‡UvgvwiRg
wkKj mgvYyZv: GKB AvYweK ms‡KZwewkó GKvwaK †hŠ‡Mi Kve©b wkK‡ji MvVwbK cv_©K¨‡nZz †h mgvYyZvi D™¢e N‡U Zv‡K wkKj mgvYyZv e‡j|
C5H12 Gi wkKj mgvYy¸‡jv n‡jv:
CH3 CH3
ê ê
CH3–CH2–CH2–CH2–CH3 CH3–CH–CH2–CH3 CH3–C–CH3
ê
CH3
Kvh©Kix g~jK mgvYyZv: GKB AvYweK ms‡KZwewkó GKvwaK †hŠ‡M wewfbœ Kvh©Kix g~jK Dcw¯’Z _vKvi Kvi‡Y †h mgvYyZvi D™¢e nq Zv‡K Kvh©Kix g~jK mgvYyZv e‡j| †hgb-
C2H6O ms‡KZ Øviv `ywU Kvh©Kix g~jK mgvYy cvIqv hvq| h_v:
A¨vj‡Kvnj: CH3 – CH2 – OH B_vi: CH3 – O – CH3
B_vbjwg_w· wg‡_b
Ae¯’vb mgvYyZv: GKB AvYweK ms‡KZwewkó GKvwaK †hŠ‡Mi Kve©b wkK‡j GKB Kvh©Kix g~j‡Ki wewfbœ Ae¯’v‡bi Kvi‡Y G mgvYyZvi m„wó nq|
C4H8 ms‡KZ Øviv MwVZ Ae¯’vb mgvYy n‡jv: wØe܇bi Ae¯’vb cv_©‡K¨i Kvi‡Y m„ó mgvYy|
CH2 = CH – CH2 – CH3 CH3 – CH = CH – CH3
1-weDwUb2-weDwUb
‡gUvgvwiRg: GKB mg‡MvÎxq †kÖwYfz³ GKvwaK †hŠ‡Mi Kvh©Kix g~j‡Ki Dfq cv‡k^© Kve©b cigvYyi msL¨v AmgZvi Kvi‡Y †h mgvYyZvi m„wó nq Zv‡K ‡gUvgvwiRg e‡j|
mvaviYZ w؇hvRx Kvh©Kix g~jKhy³ B_vi, wK‡Uvb I †m‡KÛvwi A¨vwg‡bi †ÿ‡Î †gUvgvwiRg †`Lv hvq| †hgb-C4H10O Øviv MwVZ Kve©wbj mgvYy¸‡jv n‡jv:
CH3
ê
CH3–CH2–O–CH2–CH3, CH3–CH2–CH2–O–CH3, CH3–CH–O–CH3
WvB B_vBj B_vi wg_vBj †cÖvcvBj B_vi wg_vBj AvB‡mv †cÖvcvBj B_vi
U‡UvgvwiRg: U‡UvgvwiRg GK we‡kl ai‡bi (MwZkxj) Kvh©Kix MÖæc MwVZ mgvYyZv| G‡ÿ‡Î mgvYyZv¸‡jv ci¯úi mvg¨ve¯’vq Ae¯’vb K‡i|
hw` GKwU Kvh©Kix gyjK msewjZ KvVv‡gv †_‡K ¯^Ztù~Z©fv‡e wfbœ iKg Kvh©Kix g~jK hy³ KvVv‡gvi †hŠ‡M iƒcvšÍi N‡U Ges Dfq KvVv‡gvi g‡a¨ GKwU MwZkxj mvg¨ve¯’vi m„wó nq Z‡e G ai‡bi mgvYyZv‡K U‡UvgvwiRg e‡j|
U‡UvgvwiRg cÖ‡qvRbxq kZ©:
(i) †hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z Kvh©Kix MÖæ‡ci mv‡c‡ÿ Kgc‡ÿ 1wU a - H cigvYy Dcw¯’Z _vK‡e|
(ii) ‡hŠMwU‡Z Aek¨B GKwU Zwor FYvZ¥K cigvYy wØeÜb ev wÎeÜb Øviv hy³ _vK‡e|
‡R‡b ivLv `iKvi:
(i) CnH2n+2O AvYweK ms‡KZwewkó †hŠMwUi m¤¢ve¨ mgvYy †hŠM¸‡jv n‡e B_vi I A¨vj‡Kvnj|
(ii) CnH2nO AvYweK ms‡KZwewkó †hŠMwUi m¤¢ve¨ mgvYy †hŠM¸‡jv n‡e A¨vjwWnvBW, wK‡Uvb I A¨vjwKbj|
(iii) CnH2nO2 AvYweK ms‡KZwewkó †hŠMwUi m¤¢ve¨ mgvYy †hŠM¸‡jv n‡e Kve©w·wjK GwmW I G÷vi|
wÎgvwÎK ev †÷wiI mgvYyZv:
GKB AvYweK ms‡KZ I GKB MvVwbK ms‡KZwewkó GKvwaK AYy‡Z cigvYy ev MÖæ‡ci ¯’vwbK web¨vm ev wÎgvwÎK web¨vm A_©vr KbwdMv‡ikb wfbœ nIqvi Kvi‡Y †h mgvYyZvi m„wó nq Zv‡K †÷wiI mgvYyZv e‡j|
G mgvYyZv `yÕcÖKvi| †hgb-
1. R¨vwgwZK ev wmmUªvÝ mgvYyZv
2. Av‡jvK mgvYyZv ev cÖwZwe¤^ mgvYyZv
R¨vwgwZK mgvYyZv ev wmm/UªvÝ mgvYyZv:
GKB AvYweK ms‡KZ I MvVwbK ms‡KZwewkó ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi Kve©b-Kve©b e܇bi Aÿ eivei gy³ AveZ©b m¤¢e bv n‡j ZLb wfbœ KbwdMv‡ikb ev R¨vwgwZK MvVwbK web¨vmhy³ `yÕai‡bi †hŠM AYy m„wó nq Zv‡`i R¨vwgwZK mgvYy Ges †hŠ‡Mi Giƒc ag©‡K R¨vwgwZK mgvYyZv e‡j| wØeÜb msewjZ `ywU Kve©‡b mshy³ Awfbœ MÖæc ev cigvYy¸‡jv AYyi GKB cv‡k Ae¯’vb Ki‡j Zv‡K wmm-mgvYy e‡j| wØeÜbhy³ `ywU Kve©‡b mshy³ Awfbœ MÖæc ev cigvYy¸‡jv AYyi wecixZ cv‡k Ae¯’vb Ki‡j Zv‡K UªvÝ-mgvYy e‡j|
R¨vwgwZK mgvYy؇qi mvaviY ‰ewkó¨: R¨vwgwZK mgvYy Øviv ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi wewfbœ ag© wba©vwiZ nq| †hgb:
(i) UªvÝ mgvYy wmm mgvYyi Zzjbvq AwaK ¯’vqx| KviY wmm KvVv‡gv‡Z Awfbœ e„nr MÖæc¸‡jv KvQvKvwQ Ae¯’vb K‡i| d‡j wmm mgvYyi g‡a¨ weKl©Y m„wó K‡i Ges eÜb cxob e„w× cvq| Avevi GKB Kvi‡Y wmm mgvYyi Zzjbvq UªvÝ mgvYyi Mjbv¼ I ùzUbv¼ †ewk nq|
(ii) wmm mgvYyi Af¨šÍixY kw³ UªvÝ mgvYyi Zzjbvq †ewk nq|
(ii) UªvÝ mgvYyi †P‡q wmm mgvYyi `ªve¨Zv I cÖwZmiv¼ †ewk nq|
KvBivj Kve©b/cÖwZmg Kve©b:
GKwU ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z †Kv‡bv Kve©b cigvYyi m‡½ PviwU ci¯úi wfbœ GK‡hvRx cigvYy ev g~jK hy³ _vK‡j H Kve©b‡K AcÖwZmg ev KvBivj Kve©b e‡j| AYy‡Z AcÖwZmg Kve©b cigvYyi Dcw¯’wZi Rb¨B †hŠMmg~n Av‡jvK mgvYyZv cÖ`k©b K‡i|
D`vniY¯^iƒc, 2-nvBWªw· †cÖvcvbwqK GwmW (j¨vKwUK GwmW) AYy‡Z wPwýZ Kve©b cigvYywU AcÖwZmg| AcÖwZmg Kv©ebhy³ ˆRe †hŠMmg~n mvaviYZ MV‡b AcÖwZmg Ges ZvB Av‡jvK mwµq nq|
Av‡jvK mwµq †hŠM
‡hme †hŠM GK mgZjxq Av‡jvi Zj‡K †KŠwYK N~Y©‡b cwieZ©b K‡i Zv‡`i Av‡jvK mwµq †hŠM e‡j| Gme †hŠ‡Mi GK mgZjxq Av‡jvi Zi Nyiv‡bvi ag©‡K Av‡jvK mwµqZv e‡j| †hgb-j¨vKwUK GwmW GKwU Av‡jvK mwµq †hŠM|
Av‡jvK mgvYyZv:
Av‡jvK mwµq †hŠ‡Mi GKB AvYweK I MvVwbK ms‡KZwewkó `ywU KbwdMv‡ikb hw` ci¯ú‡ii ADcwi¯’vcbxq cÖwZwe‡¤^i b¨vq AvPiY K‡i Ges mgvewZ©Z Av‡jvi Zj‡K Nwoi KuvUvi w`‡K I wecixZ w`‡K AveZ©b K‡i Ges Zv‡`i Av‡jvK mgvYy Ges G welq‡K Av‡jvK mgvYyZv e‡j|
Av‡jvK mgvYyZvi ˆewkó¨: (i) AcÖwZmg Kve©b cigvYy _v‡K hv‡K KvBivj Kve©b e‡j|
(ii) Dfq mgvYyi KvVv‡gv ci¯ú‡ii `c©Y cÖwZwe¤^ nq|
(iii) Dfq KbwdMv‡ikb ci¯ú‡ii AmgvcwZZ nq|
Av‡jvK mgvYyZvi D`vniY:
Av‡jvK mgvYyZvi kZ©:
1. Av‡jvK mgvYyZv cÖ`k©‡bi Rb¨ c`v_©‡K Av‡jvK mwµq n‡Z nq|
2. †hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z AcÖwZmg Kve©b cigvYy ev KvBivj †K›`ª _v‡K|
3. Dfq mgvYyi KbwdMv‡ikb ci¯ú‡ii `c©Y cÖwZwe¤^ nq|
4. Dfq KbwdMv‡ikb ci¯ú‡ii Dci ADcwi¯’vcbxq nq|
5. Av‡jvK mwµq †hŠM wfbœ wfbœ w`‡K AveZ©b K‡i|
Av‡jvK mgvYyZv m¤úwK©Z K‡qKwU ivwk:
`wÿYveZ© I evgveZ© mgvYy: †h Av‡jvK mgvYyi `ªeY Zj-mgvewZ©Z Av‡jvi Zj‡K Wvbw`‡K Nyivq Zv‡`i `wÿYveZ© ev WvbN~Yx© mgvYy ev d mgvYy ev (+) Øviv wPwýZ Kiv nq| Avevi, †h mKj Av‡jvK mgvYy `ªeY Zj mgvewZ©Z Av‡jvi Zj‡K evgw`‡K ev Nwoi KuvUvi wecix‡Z Nyivq Zv‡`i evgveZ© ev evgN~Y©x ev l ev (-) mgvYy e‡j|
GbvbwmIgvi: ‡h Av‡jvK mgvYyØq mgvewZ©Z Av‡jvi Zj‡K Nwoi KuvUvi w`‡K I wecixZ w`‡K GKB gvÎvq AveZ©b K‡i Ges ZvB Zv‡`i mg‡gvjvi wgkÖ‡Yi AveZ©b gvÎv cÖkwgZ n‡q k~b¨ n‡q hvq Zv‡`i‡K ci¯ú‡ii GbvbwmIgvi ev GbvbwmIgd© e‡j| G‡`i‡K A¨vw›Ugvi ev A¨vw›UcWI ejv nq|
‡hgb-d j¨vKwUK GwmW I l j¨vKwUK GwmW Zj mgvewZ©Z Av‡jvi Zj‡K GKB †Kv‡Y (2.240) h_vµ‡g Wv‡b I ev‡g AveZ©b K‡i| ZvB G `y‡Uv ci¯ú‡ii GbvbwmIgvi|
‡iwmwgK wgkÖY: mg‡gvjvi cwigvY dextro Ges laevo GbvbwmIgvi؇qi wgkÖY‡K †iwmwgK wgkÖY ev (+dl) wgkÖY e‡j| ‡hgb-(+) j¨vKwUK GwmW I (-) j¨vKwUK Gwm‡Wi mg‡gvjvi wgkÖY GKwU †iwmwgK wgkÖY|
Wvqv‡÷wiIgvi: `ywU Am`„k AcÖwZmg Kve©bhy³ `ywU Av‡jvK-mwµq ‡hŠM hw` ci¯ú‡ii `c©Y AcÖwZwe¤^ nq Ges ADcwi¯’vcbxq nq Z‡e G‡`i Wvqv‡÷wiIgvi e‡j| Giv †iwmwgK wgkÖY ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
‡g‡mv †hŠM: wKQz wKQz ˆRe †hŠM Av‡Q hv‡`i `ywU As‡ki GKwU Ask Ab¨xUi Abyiƒc wKš‘ G‡K Ac‡ii Dci A-Dcwi¯’vcbxq cÖwZwe‡¤^i b¨vq AvPiY K‡i, GB †hŠMmg~nB g~jZ †g‡mv †hŠM| †hgb- UviUvwiK GwmW, hv †ZuZz‡j cvIqv hvq| Gi KvVv‡gv †_‡K †`Lv hvq, Gi `ywU Ask ci¯ú‡ii cÖwZwe¤^ wKš‘ Dcwi¯’vcbxq bq, ZvB Zv‡`i AveZ©b gvb k~b¨ weavq GB †hŠMwU †g‡mv †hŠM|
wØcÖwZ¯’vcb A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡Mi mgvYy:
WvB wg_vBj †ebwR‡bi 3wU mgvYy m¤¢e| ¯^vfvweK wbq‡g wØ-cÖwZ¯’vwcZ †ebwRb RvZ‡Ki mgvYy wZbwU| RvBwj‡bi 3wU mgvYy m¤¢e| G‡`i bvg I MVb wb¤œiƒc:
A¨v‡iv‡gwUK nvB‡WªvKve©b:
‡ebwRb Ges Gi RvZKmg~n‡K mvaviYfv‡e A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM e‡j| A¨v‡iv‡gwUK k‡ãi A_© myMwÜhy³| A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM¸‡jv‡K †ebwRb‡qW †hŠMI e‡j| mg¯Í A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠMB myMÜwewkó bq| A‡bK A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM MÜnxb ev `yMÜ©hy³ wKš‘ A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM bq Ggb A‡bK ‡hŠ‡Mi mygwó MÜ Av‡Q| myZivs, myMÜhy³ ˆRe †hŠM gvÎB A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM I A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM gvÎB myMÜhy³ G aviYvI wfwËnxb| wKQz ‰ewk‡ó¨i Dci wfwË K‡i GKwU †hŠM‡K A¨v‡iv‡gwUK ejv nq| G ˆewkó¨mg~n‡K A¨v‡iv‡gwUwmwU ev A¨v‡iv‡gwUKZ¡ e‡j|
A¨v‡iv‡gwUwmwU ev A¨v‡iv‡gwUKZ¡: A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠMmg~n we‡kl AvYweK MV‡bi Kvi‡Y †hme ‰ewkó¨c~Y© ag© cÖ`k©b K‡i Zv‡`i A¨v‡iv‡gwUwmwU ev A¨v‡iv‡gwUKZ¡ e‡j|
A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡Mi ˆewkóc~Y© ag©mg~n Z_v A¨v‡iv‡gwUKZ¡ n‡jv-
1. A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡Mi Am¤ú„³Zv we‡kl ai‡bi Z_v A¨vjwKb ev A¨vjKvB‡bi g‡Zv bq: A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM A¨vjwKb ev A¨vjKvB‡bi g‡Zv mn‡R B‡jKUªbvKl©x hyZ wewµqv †`q bv| we‡kl kZ© mv‡c‡ÿ A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM hyZ wewµqv †`q|
2. A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡Mi PµvKvi mgZjxq AvYweK KvVv‡gv AbyiY‡bi gva¨‡g w¯’wZkxjZv AR©b K‡i: A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡Mi PµvKvi wkK‡j cÖ‡Z¨KwU cigvYyi p-AiweUv‡j we`¨gvb A-‡kqviK…Z B‡jKUªb PµvKvi mgZjxq KvVv‡gv‡Z p-B‡jKUªb †g‡Ni mÂiYkxjZvi gva¨‡g AbyiYb KvVv‡gv ˆZwi K‡i| hyZ wewµqvq A¨vjwKb ev A¨vjKvB‡bi p-eÜb hZ mn‡R B‡jKUªbvKl©x weKviK Øviv wQbœ nq A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡Mi †ÿ‡Î B‡jKUªbvKl©x weKviK ZZ mn‡R p-eÜb‡K wQbœ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM G‡`i AbyiYbiZ w¯’wZkxj KvVv‡gv‡K AÿZ ivLvi Rb¨B A¨vjwKb ev A¨vjKvB‡bi g‡Zv mn‡R hyZ wewµqv ‡`q bv|
3. A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠMmg~n Zvi AbyiYbiZ w¯’wZkxj msKi KvVv‡gv‡K AÿZ †i‡L mn‡RB B‡jKUªbvKl©x cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv †`q: A¨v‡iv‡gwUK ‡hŠM hyZ wewµqvi cwie‡Z© mn‡RB B‡jKUªbvKl©x cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv †`q| Gme cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqvq B‡jKUªbvKl©x weKviK A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡Mi PµvKvi ej‡qi mÂiYkxj p-B‡jKUªb †gN †_‡K GK †Rvov B‡jKUªb †kqvi K‡i GKwU AšÍeZ©x Kv‡e©vwbqvg MVb K‡i| ‡h‡nZz B‡jKUªbvKl©x cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqvi †ÿ‡Î A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡Mi AbyiYbiZ w¯’wZkxj KvVv‡gv AÿZ _v‡K ZvB Giv mn‡R B‡jKUªbvKl©x cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv †`q|
A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM m¤ú‡K© nv‡Kj ZË¡/wbqg: A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠMmg~‡ni ˆewkó¨c~Y© ag©mg~n Z_v A¨v‡iv‡gwUKZ¡ e¨vL¨vq 1931 mv‡j Rvg©vb c`v_©we` I †fŠZ imvqbwe` BwiL nv‡Kj GKwU ZË¡ ev wbqg cÖ`vb K‡i| nv‡K‡ji bvg Abymv‡i G‡K nv‡Kj ZË¡ ev 4n+2 wbqgvbyhvqx-
1. A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z GK ev GKvwaK mgZjxq PµvKvi KvVv‡gv _v‡K hvi Dc‡i I wb‡P 4n+2 msL¨K mÂiYkxj p-B‡jKUªb †gN _v‡K|
2. 4n+2 n‡jv nv‡Kj msL¨v ev mgZjxq PµvKvi KvVv‡gv‡Z mÂiYkxj p-B‡jKUªb msL¨v| nv‡Kj msL¨v¸‡jv n‡jv 2(n=0), 6(n=1), 10 (n=2), 14(n=3) BZ¨vw`|
3. A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡Mi PµvKvi wkK‡j cÖ‡Z¨KwU cigvYyi p-AiweUv‡j we`¨gvb A-‡kqviK…Z B‡jKUªb, PµvKvi KvVv‡gv‡Z mÂiYkxj p-B‡jKUªb †g‡Ni m„wó K‡i Gi w¯’wZkxjZv e„w× K‡i|
nv‡Kj ZË¡vbyhvqx ev 4n+2 wbqgvbyhvqx mvB‡K¬v‡cÖvwcb Avq‡bi A¨v‡iv‡gwUK nIqvi e¨vL¨v:
mvB‡K¬v‡cÖvwcb Avq‡bi AYy mgZjxq I PµvKvi| G‡Z 2wU mÂiYkxj p-B‡jKUªb i‡q‡Q| G‡Z nv‡Kj msL¨v 4n+2 = 2; ev 4n=2-2; ev 4n=0; ev n=0| [†hŠ‡M nv‡Kj msL¨v 4n+2 G n=0 Ges 1, 2,3...... BZ¨vw` c~Y© msL¨v n‡j †hŠMwU A¨v‡iv‡gwUK|] AZGe, mvB‡K¬v‡cÖvwcb Avqb GKwU A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM|
1| nv‡Kj ZË¡vbyhvqx ev 4n+2 wbqgvbyhvqx †ebwR‡bi A¨v‡iv‡gwUK nIqvi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki|
2| cvB‡ivj wK A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡Mi ag© †g‡b P‡j?
‡ebwRb:
‡ebwR‡bi cwiwPwZ: †ebwRb A¨v‡iv‡gwUK nvB‡WªvKve©b Z_v A¨vwi‡bi me‡P‡q mijZg m`m¨| Gi AvYweK ms‡KZ: C6H6, mswÿß iƒc: Ph-H| †ebwRb eY©nxb mywgó MÜhy³ AZ¨šÍ `vn¨ Zij|
‡ebwR‡bi cÖ¯‘wZ:
(i) †ebRwqK GwmW †_‡K: †ebRwqK Gwm‡Wi †mvwWqvg jeY Z_v †mvwWqvg †eb‡Rv‡qU‡K †mvWvjvB‡gi mv‡_ DËß Ki‡j wW-Kv‡e©vw·‡jkb wewµqvi gva¨‡g †ebwRb ˆZwi nq|
(ii) ‡dbj †_‡K: †dbj ev®ú‡K DËß wR¼ Wv÷ (`¯Ív ¸uov) Gi Dci w`‡q Pvjbv Ki‡j †ebwRb ˆZwi nq|
(iii) ‡ebwRb Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg †K¬vivBW †_‡K: †ebwRb Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg †K¬vivBW I nvB‡cv dmdivm Gwm‡Wi wewµqv NUv‡j †ebwRb ˆZwi nq|
‡ebwR‡bi ag©vewj:
‡fŠZ ag©: †ebwRb GKwU eY©nxb Zij| ‡ebwRb I Ab¨ A¨vwibmg~n †ek welv³| Giv gvbe‡`‡n K¨vÝvi m„wóKviK| wbtk^v‡mi m‡½ G‡`i MÖnY Kiv †ek wec`RbK|
ivmvqwbK ag©: †ebwRb mn‡RB B‡jKUªbvKl©x cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv †hgb-A¨vjKvB‡jkb, A¨vmvB‡jkb, bvB‡Uªkb, n¨v‡jvwR‡bkb, mvj‡dv‡bkb BZ¨vw` wewµqv †`q|
‡ebwR‡b n¨v‡jv‡Rb cÖwZ¯’vcb (n¨v‡jvwR‡bkb):
n¨v‡jv‡Rb evnK †hgb-‡jŠn P~Y©, Av‡qvwWb, dmdivm, Abv`ª© FeCl3, Abv`ª© AlCl3 BZ¨vw` Dcw¯’wZ‡Z Kÿ ZvcgvÎvq Zij †ebwR‡bi Dci w`‡q ‡K¬vwib M¨vm Pvjbv Ki‡j †ebwRb ej‡qi GKwU nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy GKwU †K¬vwib cigvYy Øviv cÖwZ¯’vwcZ nq| d‡j †K¬v‡iv‡ebwRb ˆZwi nq|
‡ebwR‡bi †K¬vwi‡bkb wewµqvi †KŠkj:
avc-1 : B‡jKUªbvKl©x weKviK (‡K¬v‡ivwbqvg Avqb) ˆZwi:
2Fe + 3Cl2 ® 2FeCl31
FeCl3 + Cl2 ® FeCl-4 + Cl+ (‡K¬v‡ivwbqvg Avqb)
avc-2: AšÍeZ©x mwµq ga¨K (Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avqb) ˆZwi:
avc-3: Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avqb †_‡K `ªæZ †cÖvUb (H+) AcmviY Ges †K¬vwib cÖwZ¯’vcb:
gy³ wkKj nvB‡WªvKve©b n‡Z A¨v‡iv‡gwUK nvB‡WªvKve©b cÖ¯‘Z:
(i) n-‡n‡·b ‡_‡K †ebwRb: n-‡n‡·b‡K Pt, Al ¸uov wgwkÖZ V2O5 Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z 15 atm Pv‡c 5000C DòZvq DËß Ki‡j cÖ_‡g mvB‡K¬v‡n‡·b Drcbœ nq| AZtci Drcbœ mvB‡K¬v‡n‡·b †_‡K nvB‡Wªv‡Rb AcmvwiZ n‡q †ebwRb Drcbœ nq|
(ii) B_vBj †_‡K †ebwRb: 4000C ZvcgvÎvq DËß †jŠn b‡ji ga¨ w`‡q B_vBb M¨vm cÖevwnZ Ki‡j B_vB‡bi cwjgviKiY N‡U Ges †ebwRb Drcbœ nq hv GKwU A¨v‡iv‡gwUK nvB‡WªvKve©b|
3HC º CH
‡ebwRb
‰Re wewµqv msNU‡bi cÖwµqv:
‰Re wewµqKmg~n wewµqvq AskMÖn‡Yi c~‡e© wewfbœfv‡e wef³ nq hv wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv-
wd« †iwWK¨vj:
mg‡hvRx wmMgv e܇bi mylg wefvR‡bi d‡j m„ó we‡Rvo B‡jKUªbhy³ †Kv‡bv cigvYy ev g~jK‡K gy³ cigvYy †RvU ev wd« †iwWK¨vj e‡j|
D`vniY: wg_vBj ‡K¬vivB‡Wi C – Cl e܇bi mylg wefvR‡bi d‡j wg_vBj wd« ‡iwWK¨vj (·CH3) Ges †K¬vwib wd« †iwWK¨vj Cl· Drcbœ nq|
DrcwË: wmMgv eÜb fv½vi mgq hw` eÜbhy³ Dfq cigvYy GK †Rvov B‡jKUªb †_‡K GKwU K‡i B‡jKUªb mgvbfv‡e fvM K‡i †bq Z‡e wd« †iwWK¨vj m„wó nq|
¯’vwqZ¡ µg: A¨vjKvBj wd« †iwWK¨vjmg~‡ni ¯’vwq‡Z¡i µg n‡jv-
30 A¨vjKvBj>20A¨vjKvBj >10 A¨vjKvBj>wg_vBj wd« †iwWK¨vj
wd« †iwWK¨v‡ji ˆewkó¨:
1. wd« ‡iwWK¨v‡j †Kv‡bv Avavb ev PvR© _v‡K bv| KviY G‡`i B‡jKUªb I †cÖvU‡bi msL¨v mgvb|
2. wd« †iwWK¨vjmg~n LyeB mwµq|
3. wd« †iwWK¨vj Drcbœ nIqvi m‡½ m‡½B Ab¨ wd«-‡iwWK¨vj, g~jK, Avqb ev AYy †_‡K AviI GKwU B‡jKUªb jvf K‡i B‡jKUªb †Rvo m„wói gva¨‡g mg‡hvRx eÜb MVb K‡i bZzb †hŠM m„wó K‡i|
Kv‡e©vK¨vUvqb ev Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avqb:
‡Kv‡bv ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z mg‡hvRx e܇bi welg wefvR‡bi d‡j m„ó GKK abvZ¥K PvR©hy³ Kve©b cigvYy m¤^wjZ ˆRe Avqb‡K Kv‡e©vK¨vUvhb e‡i| Kv‡e©vK¨vUvqb‡K R+ wPý w`‡q cÖ‡ek Kiv nq|
mwµqZv: Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avqbmg~n AZxe mwµq nq| Giv B‡jK‡UªvdvBjiƒ‡c AvPiY K‡i|
Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avqbmg~‡ni ¯’vwq‡Z¡i µg: 
(30) (20) (10) (00)
Kve©vbvqb: †Kv‡bv ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z mg‡hvRx e܇bi welg wefvR‡bi d‡j m„ó GKK FYvZ¥K PvR©hy³ Kve©b cigvYy m¤^wjZ ˆRe Avqb‡K Kve©vbvqK e‡j| G‡K mvaviYZ R- wPý Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
mwµqZv: mg‡hvRx e܇bi welg fvO‡b Drcbœ Kve©vbvqb B‡jKUªb mg„× nIqvq Giv Lye mwµq|
Kve©vbvq‡bi ¯’vwq‡Z¡i µg:
(00) (10) (20) (30)
B‡jK‡UªvdvBj: B‡jK‡UªvdvBj A_© B‡jKUªb AvKl©x MÖæc| †hme weKviK B‡jKUª‡bi cÖwZ Avmw³ cÖKvk K‡i Ges wewµqvKv‡j B‡jKUªb MÖnY K‡i Zv‡`i B‡jKUªbvKl©x weKviK ev B‡jK‡UªvdvBj e‡j| B‡jK‡UªvdvBj¸‡jv B‡jKUªb †Rvo MÖnY K‡i e‡j G‡`i jyBm GwmW ejv nq|
wbDwK¬IdvBj: †hme weKviK wewµqvKv‡j abvZ¥K ‡K›`ª ev wbDwK¬qv‡mi cÖwZ AvK…ó nq Ges wewµqvKv‡j B‡jKUªb `vb Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv‡`i †K›`ªvKl©x weKviK ev wbDwK¬IdvBj e‡j| wbDwK¬IdvBj¸‡jv B‡jKUªb †Rvo `vb K‡i e‡j G‡`i jyBm ÿviK ejv nq|
B‡jKUªbvKl©x I †K›`ªvKl©x weKvi‡Ki ZvwjKv:
B‡jKUªbvKl©x weKviK | ‡K›`ªvKl©x weKviK |
| ROH, RNH2, CH3MgI, |
‰Re †hŠ‡Mi ms‡hvRb wewµqv:
‡h wewµqvq GKvwaK cigvYy ev g~jK ev †hŠM mivmwi †Kv‡bv wØeÜb ev wÎeÜb wewkó †Kv‡bv †hŠ‡Mi m‡½ hy³ n‡q GKwU gvÎ †hŠM MVb K‡i Ges GB †hvR‡bi d‡j hw` †Kv‡bv cigvYy ev AYyi AcmviY bv N‡U Z‡e †mme wewµqv‡K ms‡hvRb ev hyZ wewµqv e‡j| GB wewµqv¸‡jv wØ-eÜb ev wÎeÜbhy³ (‡hgb- C = C, C = O, C º C ev C º N) ‡hŠ‡Mi †ÿ‡Î N‡U|
ms‡hvRb wewµqv `yÕcÖKvi| h_v-
i. B‡jKUªb AvKl©x ev B‡jK‡UªvwdwjK ms‡hvRb wewµqv|
ii. ‡K›`ªvKl©x ev wbDwK¬IwdwjK ms‡hvRb wewµqv|
A¨vjwK‡bi B‡jK‡UªvwdwjK ms‡hvRb wewµqv:
A¨vjwKb AYy‡Z Kve©b-Kve©b wØe܇b p e܇bi eÜbK…Z B‡jKUªbwU `„pfv‡e Ave× _v‡K bv| d‡j wewµqvKv‡j A¨vjwK‡bi p eÜb †f‡O hvq Ges B‡jK‡UªvwdwjK ms‡hvRb wewµqvq we‡klfv‡e AskMÖnY K‡i|
R – CH = CH2 + H2 ® R – CH2 – CH3
A¨vjwK‡bi B‡jK‡UªvwdwjK ms‡hvRb wewµqvi †gKvwbRg:
A¨vjwK‡bi Kve©b-Kve©b wØe܇b `ywU Kve©b cigvYy GKwU s I GKwU p eÜb Øviv hy³| GB cvB (p) e܇bi B‡jKUªb †gN 2p2 msKwiZ Kve©b؇qi Dc‡i I wb‡P Ae¯’vb K‡i| ZvB G p B‡jKUªb B‡jKUªbvKl©x weKvi‡Ki wbKU B‡jKUªb `vZviƒ‡c KvR K‡i| A¨vjwK‡bi p B‡jKUª‡bi cÖfv‡e weKviKmg~n (Cl2, HCl, H2SO4 BZ¨vw`) abvZ¥K I FYvZ¥K As‡k wef³ n‡q c‡o| weKvi‡Ki abvZ¥K Ask (B‡jK‡UªvdvBj) A¨vjwK‡bi wØe܇bi p B‡jKUªb Øviv AvK…ó nq Ges wØe܇bi GK Kve©‡b FYvZ¥K PvR© m„wó K‡i Ges B‡jK‡UªvdvBj m‡½ m‡½ G‡Z mshy³ nq| d‡j wØe܇bi Aci Kve©‡b A¯’vqx Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avqb (R+) m„wó nq Ges Zwor MwZ‡Z weKvi‡Ki FYvZ¥K As‡ki m‡½ ms‡hvR‡bi gva¨‡g hyZ †hŠM MVb K‡i| Kv‡RB A¨vjwK‡bi ˆewkó¨m~PK wewµqv n‡”Q B‡jKUªbvKl©x hyZ wewµqv| G QvovI A¨vjwKb RviY, IRbxKiY, cÖwZ¯’vcb, cwjgviKiY cÖf…wZ wewµqv cÖ`k©b K‡i _v‡K|
D`vniY: Bw_‡bi m‡½ nvB‡Wªv‡Rb †eªvgvBW hy³ n‡q 1 †eªv‡gv B‡_b Drcbœ K‡i|
A¨vjwK‡bi wewfbœ B‡jKUªbvKl©x ms‡hvRb wewµqvmg~n:
(i) n¨v‡jv‡Rb ms‡hvRb: wbw¯Œq `ªveK †hgb-Kve©b †UUªv‡K¬vivB‡Wi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z A¨vjwK‡bi m‡½ n¨v‡jv‡Rbmg~n (Cl2, Br2) hy³ n‡q mswkøó WvBn¨vjvBW MVb K‡i| Av‡qvwWb A¨vjwK‡bi m‡½ mvaviYZ B‡jKUªbvKl©x hyZ wewµqv ‡`q bv| Ab¨w`‡K, †d¬vwib A¨vjwK‡bi mv‡_ hyZ wewµqvi mgq we‡ùviY NUvq|
R – CH = CH2 + X2 ® R – CH – CH2
| |
X X
‡hgb-‡cÖvwc‡bi mv‡_ Br2 hy³ n‡q Lye mn‡RB 1, 2 WvB‡eªv‡gv †cÖv‡cb Drcbœ K‡i|
CH3 – CH = CH3 + Br2 ® CH3 – CH – CH2
| |
Br Br
1, 2 WvB‡eªvgv †cÖv‡cb
G wewµqvq n¨v‡jv‡Rbmg~‡ni wµqvkxjZvi µg: †K¬vwib > †d¬vwib > †eªvwgb > Av‡qvwWb
(ii) HX GwmW ms‡hvRb wewµqv: mvaviY ZvcgvÎvq HX Gi m‡½ A¨vjwK‡bi hyZ wewµqvq R – X Drcbœ nq|
H X
| |
R – CH = CH – R + H – X(g) ® - CH – CH – R
A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW
KÿZvcgvÎvq Bw_‡bi m‡½ HBr Gi wewµqvq B_vBj †eªvgvBW cvIqv hvq|
CH2 = CH2(g) + HBr(g) ® CH3 – CH2 – CH (Br)
Z‡e AcÖwZmg A¨vjwK‡bi m‡½ HBr Gi wewµqvq `ywU wfbœ Drcv` cvIqv hv‡e|
GLv‡b 90% AvB‡mv †cÖvcvBj †eªvgvBW Ges 10% n-‡cÖvcvBj †eªvgvBW cvIqv hv‡e| AcÖwZmg A¨vjwK‡bi m‡½ AcÖwZmg weKvi‡Ki wewµqvq 2wU wfbœ Drcv` n‡e| Drcv` 2wUi g‡a¨ †KvbwU cÖavb Drcv` n‡e| Zv gvK©wbKf m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ Rvbv hvq|
gviKwbKf-Gi wbqg:
ÔÔAcÖwZmg A¨vjwK‡bi m‡½ †cÖvUwbK GwmW, HX Gi hyZ wewµqvi mgq HX Gi H-cigvYywU wØ-e܇bi AwaK ‘H’ hy³ Kve©‡bi m‡½ Ges X g~jKwU wØ-e܇bi Kg ‘H’ hy³ Kve©‡bi hy³ nq|Ó
D`vni‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ gviKwiK‡fi wbq‡gi e¨vL¨v: †cÖvwcb (CH3-CH = CH2) GKwU AcÖwZmg A¨vjwKb Ges HBr GKwU †cÖvUwbK GwmW (AcÖwZmg weKviK)| gviwbK‡fi wbqg Abyhvqx †cÖvwc‡bi m‡½ HBr hyZ wewµqvi mg‡q HBr Gi H-cigvYywU 1 b¤^i Kve©‡bi m‡½ Ges Br-cigvYywU 2 b¤^i Kve©‡bi m‡½ hy³ n‡e| d‡j cÖavb Drcv` wn‡m‡e 2 †ev‡gv †cÖv‡cb ˆZwi n‡e|
wecixZ gviKwbKf wbqg: Morris S. Kharasch cixÿv wbixÿvi gva¨‡g †`Lvb †h, mvgvb¨ cviA·vB‡Wi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z AcÖwZmg A¨vjwK‡bi m‡½ †cÖvUwbK GwmW HX Gi hyZ wewµqvi mgq HX Gi X-g~jKwU wØ-e܇bi AwaK ‘H’ hy³ Kve©‡bi hy³ nq| cviA·vB‡Wi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z AcÖwZmg A¨vjwK‡bi m‡½ HX Gi hyZ wewµqvi D³ wbqgwU gviKwbK‡fi wbq‡gi wecixZ µ‡g N‡U e‡j G‡K wecixZ gviKwbK‡fi wbqg ev Lviv‡ki cviA·vBW cÖfve e‡j|
wecixZ gviwbK‡fi wbq‡gi D`vniY: †cÖvwcb GKwU AcÖwZmg A¨vjwKb Ges HBr GKwU †cÖvUwbK GwmW (AcÖwZmg weKviK)| wecixZ gviKwbK‡fi wbqg Abyhvqx ˆRe cviA·vBW ev H2O2 Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z †cÖvwc‡bi mv‡_ HBr hyZ wewµqvi mg‡q H-cigvYywU 2 b¤^i Kve©‡bi mv‡_ Ges Br-cigvYywU 1 b¤^i Kve©‡bi mv‡_ hy³ n‡e| d‡j cÖavb Drcv` wn‡m‡e 1-‡eªv‡gv †cÖv‡cb ˆZwi n‡e|
CH2- CH = CH2+ HBr CH3 - CH2- CH2 – Br
‡cÖvwc‡bi m‡½ HBr hyZ wewµqvq cÖavb Drcv` wn‡m‡e 2-‡eªv‡gv †cÖv‡cb ˆZwi nq wKš‘ 1-‡eªv‡gv †cÖv‡cb ˆZwi nq bv|
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb ms‡hvRb: wb‡Kj P~Y© cÖfve‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z cÖvq 2000C ZvcgvÎvq I D”P Pv‡c A¨vjwKb nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi m‡½ hy³ n‡q A¨vj‡Kb Drcbœ K‡i| Gi wewµqvi mvnv‡h¨ Am¤ú„³ nvB‡WªvKve©b n‡Z m¤ú„³ nvB‡WªvKve©b cÖ¯‘Z Kiv hvq|
R – CH = CH2 + H2 R – CH2 – CH3
A¨vjwKb
‡hgb, CH2 = CH2 + H2 
CH3 – CH3
I‡Rv‡bvjvBwmm ev I‡Rvb ms‡hvRb:
A¨vjwK‡bi m‡½ I‡Rv‡bi wewµqvq I‡RvbvBW MVb, I‡RvbvB‡Wi we‡qvRb Ges Zvi d‡j Drcbœ A¨vjwWnvBW ev wK‡Uv‡bi kbv³KiY GB m¤ú~Y© c×wZ‡K I‡Rv‡bvjvBwmm e‡j| A¨vjwKb I‡Rv‡bi m‡½ wewµqv K‡i A¨vjwKb I‡RvbvBW Drcbœ K‡i| Drcbœ I‡RvbvBW‡K `¯Ívi ¸uov I cvwbmn DËß Ki‡j Av`ª© we‡køwlZ n‡q `ywU Kve©wbj †hŠM Drcbœ K‡i|
D`vniY: Bw_b CCl4 `ªexf~Z I‡Rv‡bi m‡½ wewµqv K‡i I‡RvbvBvW Drcbœ K‡i hv‡K Zn Gi ¸uovmn Av`ª© we‡kølY Ki‡j wg_¨vb¨vj Drcbœ nq|
A¨vjKvB‡bi wewfbœ B‡jKUªbvKl©x ms‡hvRb wewµqvmg~n:
n¨v‡jv‡Rb ms‡hvRb: A¨vjKvBb n¨v‡jv‡R‡bi m‡½ KÿZvcgvÎvq wewµqv K‡i cÖ_‡g WvB n¨v‡jv A¨vjwKb Ges c‡i †UUªv n¨v‡jv A¨vj‡Kb Drcbœ K‡i|
cvwb ms‡hvRb wewµqv:
B_vb‡K 20% H2SO4 Ges 2% HgSO4 Gi Rjxq `ªe‡Yi †fZi w`‡q Pvjbv Ki‡j cÖ_‡g B_vB‡bi m‡½ cvwb ms‡hvwRZ n‡q wfbvBj A¨vj‡Kvnj Drcbœ nq hv c‡i cybwe©b¨¯Í n‡q A¨vwmUvjwWnvBW ev B_vb¨v‡j cwiYZ nq|
B_vBb †_‡K A¨vwmwUK GwmW/B_vbwqK GwmW: B_vbB‡K 20% H2SO4 Ges 2% HgSO4 Rjxq `ªe‡Yi ‡fZi w`‡q Pvjbv Ki‡j B_vB‡bi m‡½ cvwb ms‡hvwRZ n‡q cÖ_‡g wfbvBj A¨vj‡Kvnj Drcbœ nq c‡i ev cybwe©b¨¯Í n‡q B_vb¨vj Drcbœ K‡i| AZtci CH3CHO RvwiZ K‡i B_vbwqK Gwm‡W iƒcvšÍi Kiv nq|
I‡RvbxKiY wewµqv: CCl4 G `ªexf~Z O3 Gi †fZi w`‡q B_vBb M¨vm Pvjbv Ki‡j cÖ_‡g B_vBb I‡RvbvB‡Wi A¯’vqx †hŠ_ MVb K‡i| AZtci Drcbœ †hŠMwU‡K Zn avZzi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z Av`ª© we‡kølY Ki‡j MøvBA·vj Drcbœ nq|
A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡Mi B‡jK‡UªvwdwjK ms‡hvRb wewµqv:
‡ebwR‡bi †K¬vwi‡bkb: cÖLi m~h©v‡jv‡K GK AYy †ebwR‡bi m‡½ wZb AYy †K¬vwib mshy³ n‡q †ebwRb †n·v‡K¬vivBW ev M¨vgvw·b Drcbœ nq| Bnv GKwU A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡Mi ms‡hvRb wewµqv| GB wewµqv Øviv †ebwRb AYy‡Z KqwU wØeÜb Dcw¯’Z Zv Rvbv hvq|
‡ebwR‡bi H2 ms‡hvRb, (mvB‡K¬v‡n‡·b cÖ¯‘wZ): cÖvq 2000C ZvcgvÎvq m~² wb‡Kj P~‡Y©i ms¯ú‡k© †ebwR‡b wZb AYy nvB‡Wªv‡Rb ms‡hvwRZ n‡q mvB‡K¬v‡n‡·b Drcbœ K‡i| GB wewµqv Øviv A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM n‡Z PvwµK †hŠM cÖ¯‘Z Kiv hvq|
A¨vwj‡dwUK †hŠ‡Mi wbDwK¬IwdwjK ms‡hvRb wewµqv-
wMÖMbvW© weKvi‡Ki m‡½ wewµqv: Kve©wbj ‡hŠMmg~‡ni m‡½ wMÖMbvW© weKviK hy³ n‡q GKwU A¯’vqx †hŠM MVb K‡i hv cvwb †hv‡M Av`ª© we‡køwlZ n‡q wewfbœ cÖKvi A¨vj‡Kvnj MVb K‡i|
‡hgb, wg_¨vb¨v‡ji m‡½ wMÖMbvW© weKviK (RMgX) ‡hgb wg_vBj g¨vM‡bwmqvg Av‡qvWvBW †K›`ªvKl©x ms‡hvRb wewµqvi gva¨‡g †h ga¨eZ©x †hŠM cvIqv hvq Zv‡K jNy HCl ‡hv‡M Av`ª©we‡kølY Ki‡j 10 A¨vj‡Kvnj ev B_vbj cvIqv hvq|
Abyiƒ‡c B_vb¨v‡ji m‡½ RMgX Gi wbDwK¬IwdwjK ms‡hvR‡b 20 A¨vj‡Kvnj Ges †cÖvcv‡bv‡bi m‡½ ms‡hvR‡b 30 A¨vj‡Kvnj cvIqv hvq|
A¨vjWj Nbxfeb wewµqv: jNy ÿv‡ii cÖfv‡e a-nvB‡Wªv‡Rb msewjZ `yB AYy A¨vjwWnvBW ev wK‡Uvb wewµqv K‡i weUv (b) nvBWªw· A¨vjwWnvBW ev b-nvBWªw· wK‡Uvb MVb K‡i| G wewµqv‡K A¨vjWj Nbxfeb wewµqv e‡j| †hgb-jNy NaOH `ªe‡Yi cÖfv‡e `yB AYy A¨vwmU¨vjwWnvBW ev B_vb¨vj ci¯ú‡ii g‡a¨ wewµqv K‡i bZzb Kve©b-Kve©b eÜb m„wói gva¨‡g hy³ n‡q A¨vjWj ev 3-nvBWªw· weDUvb¨vj Drcbœ K‡i|
kZ©: †hme A¨vjwWnvBW ev wK‡Uv‡b a nvB‡Wªv‡Rb †bB ‡mme A¨vjwWnvBW I wK‡Uvb A¨vjWj wewµqv ‡`q bv| †hgb-dig¨vjwWnvBW ev wg_vb¨vj (H-CHO), UªvBwg_vBj A¨vwmU¨vjwWnvBW [(CH3)3C – CHO], ‡ebRvjwWnvBW ev A¨v‡iv‡gwUK A¨vjwWnvBmg~n GKKfv‡e †Kvb A¨vjWj wewµqv †`q bv|
1. ‡K›`ªvKl©x ms‡hvRb ev wbDwK¬IwdwjK ms‡hvRb wewµqvq wK‡Uvb A‡cÿv A¨vjwWnvBW AwaKZi mwµq|
2. ‡K›`ªvKl©x (wbDwK¬IwdwjK) ms‡hvRb wewµqvq wg_vb¨vj, B_vb¨vj I †cÖvcv‡bv‡bi g‡a¨ mwµq|
A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡Mi wbDwK¬IwdwjK ms‡hvRb wewµqv|
wmd-ÿviK MVb: †ebRvjwWnvBW cÖvBgvwi A¨vwj‡dwUK A¨vwg‡bi wewµqvq GK AYy cvwb Acmvi‡Yi gva¨‡g †h myw¯’Z Kve©b-bvB‡Uªv‡Rb wØeÜb hy³ †hŠM Drcbœ K‡i Zv‡K wmd-ÿviK e‡j|
cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv: †h wewµqvq †Kv‡bv †hŠM †_‡K GK ev GKvwaK cigvYy ev g~jK Ab¨ †Kv‡bv AwaK mwµq cigvYy nev g~jK Øviv cÖwZ¯’vwcZ n‡q bZzb †hŠM MVb K‡i, Zv‡K cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv e‡j| cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv mvaviYZ wmMgv (s) eÜb hy³ ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi ˆewkó¨c~Y© wewµqv|
i. n¨v‡jv‡R‡bkb: m~h©v‡jv‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z wg‡_‡bi m‡½ †K¬vwi‡bi wewµqvq wg‡_‡bi PviwU nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy †K¬vwib Øviv cici cÖwZ¯’vwcZ n‡q h_vµ‡g wg_vBj †K¬vivBW, wgw_wjb †K¬vivBW, †K¬v‡ivdig Ges Kve©b‡UUª‡K¬vivBW Drcbœ nq|
m~h©v‡jvK
CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + HCl
m~h©v‡jvK
CH3Cl + Cl2 CH2Cl2 + HCl
m~h©v‡jvK
CH2Cl2 + Cl2 CHCl3 + HCl
m~h©v‡jvK
CHCl3 + Cl2 CCl4 + HCl
Dc‡iv³ wewµqvmg~n B‡jK‡UªvwdwjK cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqvi D`vniY|
ii. bvB‡Uªkb: A¨vj‡Kb I bvBwUªK GwmW ev®ú‡K (450-5000C) ZvcgvÎvq DËß Ki‡j –NO2 g~jK Øviv A¨vj‡K‡bi H cigvYy cÖwZ¯’vwcZ n‡q bvB‡Uªv A¨vj‡Kb Drcbœ K‡i|
D`vniY: C2H6+HONO2 C2H5NO2+H2O
1| wd«‡Wj-µvdU A¨vjKvB‡jkb wewµqvi †KŠkj: wd«‡Wj-µvdU A¨vjKvB‡jkb wewµqv wZb av‡c m¤úbœ nq|
(i) B‡jKUªbvKl©x weKviK MVb: jyBm GwmW (FeCl3. AlCl3) I A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvB‡Wi wewµqvq B‡jKUªbvKl©x weKviK R+ Drcbœ nq| R – Cl + AlCl3 R+ + AlCl-4
(ii) Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avqb MVb:
‡ebwRb ej‡qi p B‡jKUªb R+ AvKl©Y
K‡i Ges AšÍ©eZx© Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avqb Drcbœ nq|
(iii) ‡ebwRb ejq †_‡K †cÖvUb AcmviY:
AšÍ©eZ©x †hŠM †_‡K †cÖvUb AcmvwiZ n‡q
A¨vjKvBj †ebwRb Drcbœ nq|
wd«‡Wj-µvdU A¨vjKvB‡jkb wewµqvi cÖ‡qvM: wd«‡Wj-µvdU A¨vjKvB‡jkb wewµqvi gva¨‡g †ebwRb †_‡K A¨vjKvBj †ebwRb †hgb, UjyBb, RvBwjb BZ¨vw` ms‡kølY Kiv hvq|
2| wd«‡Wj µvdU A¨vmvB‡jkb:
Abv`ª© AlCl3 Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z ‡ebwRb ej‡q A¨vmvBj ev A¨vKvbwqj (RCO-) g~jKwU cÖwZ¯’vc‡bi wewµqv‡K wd«‡Wj-µvdU A¨vmvB‡jkb e‡j|
wd«‡Wj-µvdU A¨vmvB‡jkb wewµqvi †KŠkj:
avc-1: B‡jKUªbvKl©x weKviK (A¨vmvBj Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avqb) ˆZwi:
AlCl3 + R – COCl ® AlCl-4 + R - 
= O
(A¨vmvBj Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avqb)
avc-2: B‡jKUªbvKl©x weKvi‡Ki AvµgY Øviv AšÍ©eZ©x mwµq ga¨K (Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avqb) ˆZwi:
avc-3: Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avqb ‡_‡K `ªæZ †cÖvUb (H+) AcmviY Ges ‘AlCl3’ cybiæ×vi:
wd«‡Wj-µvdU A¨vmvB‡jkb cÖ‡qvM: wd«‡Wj-µvdU A¨vmvB‡jkb wewµqvi gva¨‡g ‡ebwRb †_‡K A¨v‡iv‡gwUK wK‡Uvb †hgb: A¨vwm‡Uvwd‡bvb BZ¨vw` ms‡kølY Kiv hvq|
‡ebwR‡bi n¨v‡jvwR‡bkb wewµqv: n¨v‡jv‡Rb evnK †hgb Abv`ª© AlCl3 Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z Cl2 Ges FeBr3 Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z Br2 ‡ebwR‡bi mv‡_ H cÖwZ¯’vc‡bi gva¨‡g †K¬v‡iv‡ebwRb I †eªv‡gv †ebwRb Drcbœ K‡i|
GB wewµqv avivevwnKfv‡e Pj‡Z _v‡K Ges me©‡k‡l †ebwRb †n·v‡K¬vivBW (BHC) Z_v M¨vgvw·b Drcbœ K‡i|
A¨vwj‡dwUK †hŠ‡Mi wbDwK¬IwdwjK cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv:
‡K›`ªvKl©x cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv (SN wewµqv)
‡hme cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv †K›`ªvKl©x weKvi‡Ki gva¨‡g msNwUZ nq Zv‡K wbDwK¬IwdwjK cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv e‡j| G wewµqv cÖavbZ `yÕai‡bi †KŠk‡j NU‡Z cv‡i| †hgb-SN1 Ges SN2.
SN1 wewµqv:
‡hme ‡K›`ªvKl©x (Neucleophilic) cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqvq GKwU gvÎ wewµq‡Ki NbgvÎvi Dci wewµqvi MwZ wbf©i K‡i Zv‡K GK AvYweK †K›`ªvKl©x (Neucleophilic) cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv ev SN1 wewµqv e‡j|
‡hgb-30 weDUvBj †K¬vivBW‡K Rjxq KOH mn DËß Ki‡j SN1 c×wZ‡Z 30 weDUvBj Drcbœ nq|
‰ewkó¨: (i) SN1 wewµqv `yB av‡c N‡U| cÖ_g av‡c mve‡÷ªU †_‡K cÖwZ¯’vcK MÖæc mvaviYZ A¨vbvqbiƒ‡c AcmvwiZ n‡q w¯’wZkxj Kv‡e©vK¨vUvq‡bi m„wó nq| wØZxq av‡c, wbDwK¬IdvBjwU (hv A¨vbvqb ev cÖkg `ªveK AYy) Kv‡e©vK¨vUvq‡bi m‡½ GKwU mg‡hvRx e܇b Ave`& a n‡q cÖwZ¯’vwcZ †hŠM MVb K‡i|
(ii) SN1 wewµqvi nvi †KejgvÎ mve‡÷ª‡Ui Mvp‡Z¡i Dci wbf©i K‡i, A_©vr wewµqvi nvi µ [mve‡÷ªU]
(iii) ‡hme SN1 wewµqvq `ªveK wbDwK¬IdvBj wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i Zv‡`i‡K mj‡fvwjwmm (Solvolysis) wewµqv ejv nq|
SN1 wewµqvi †KŠkjt
SN1 wewµqv wb‡¤œv³ `yB av‡c msNwUZ nq|
D`vniY: Rjxq KOH `ªeY Øviv tert-weDUvBj‡K¬vivBW Gi Av`ª© we‡kølY SN1 ‡KŠkj AbymiY K‡i|
1g avc:
2q avc:
SN1 wewµqvi †ÿ‡Î RX Gi mwµqZvi µg wb¤œiƒc-
(CH3)3 C – X > (CH3)2CHX > CH3CH2X > CH3X
30 n¨vjvBW20 n¨vjvBW10 n¨vjvBW
SN2 wewµqv:
SN2 ej‡Z wbDwK¬IwdwjK wØ-AvYweK cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv †evSvq| †hme †K›`ªvKl©x (Nucleoiphilic) cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqvi MwZ `ywU wewµq‡Ki NbgvÎvi Dci wbf©ikxj Zv‡K wØ-AvYweK †K›`ªvKl©x cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv ev SN2 e‡j|
‰ewkó¨:
(i) mve‡÷ªU †_‡K cÖwZ¯’vcK MÖæ‡ci AcmviY (eÜb wefvRb) Ges mve‡÷ª‡Ui m‡½ wbDwK¬IdvB‡ji mshyw³ (eÜb MVb) GKB m‡½ N‡U| A_©vr m¤ú~Y© wewµqvwU GK av‡c N‡U| GwUB wewµqvi nvi wbY©vqK avc|
(ii) SN2 wewµqvi nvi wbDwK¬IdvBj Ges mve‡÷ªU Df‡qi Mvp‡Z¡i Dci wbf©i K‡i| A_©vr wewµqvi nvi µ [mve‡÷ªU] [N- u]
SN2 wewµqvv ‡KŠkj: SN2 wewµqv GK av‡c msNwUZ nq|
D`vniY: KOH Gi Rjxq `ªeY Øviv wg_vBj †K¬vivB‡Wi Av`ª© we‡køl‡Yi d‡j wg_vbj Drcbœ nq| Bnv SN2 †KŠkj AbymiY K‡i|
SN2 wewµqvi †ÿ‡Î RX Gi mwµqZvi µg:
CH3X > 10R – X > 20R – X > 30R – X
A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡Mi wbDwK¬IwdwjK cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv:
‡K¬v‡iv‡ebwRb‡K A¨vj‡Kvnjxq KOH `ªeYmn DËß Ki‡j wbDwK¬IwdwjK cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqvq Cl cigvYy †K›`ªvKl©x weKviK OH- Øviv cÖwZ¯’vwcZ n‡q †dbj Drcbœ K‡i|
‡K›`ªvKl©x cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqvq A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW¸‡jv A¨vivBj n¨vjvBW A‡cÿv AwaK mwµq:
A¨vwj‡dwUK †hŠ‡Mi AcmviY wewµqv:
A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvB‡Wi a-Kve©b †_‡K GKwU n¨v‡jv‡Rb cigvYy Ges b-Kve©‡bi GKwU nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy HX wnmv‡e AcmvwiZ n‡q A¨vjwKb Drcbœ K‡i| G wewµqv‡K AcmviY wewµqv e‡j|
AcmviY wewµqvi †KŠkj: cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqvi g‡Zv AcmviY wewµqvI GK AvYweK AcmviY (E1) I wØAvYweK AcmviY (E2) GB `yB cÖKvi †gKvwbR‡g N‡U| h_v: E1 Ges E2 ‡KŠkj Aej¤^b K‡i| 30 A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW ev Uviwkqvwi n¨v‡jv A¨vj‡Kb cÖavbZ E1 ‡KŠkj AbymiY K‡i Ges 20 I 10 n¨v‡jv A¨vj‡Kbmg~n E2 ‡KŠkj AbymiY K‡i| cÖwZ‡ÿ‡ÎB n¨vjvBW (X-) Acmvi‡Y A¨vj‡Kvnjxq Kw÷K cUvk (KOH) Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z A¨vjwKb Drcbœ nq| GLv‡b `ywU s eÜb ‡f‡½ GKwU p eÜb MwVZ nq|
GK AvYweK AcmviY E1 wewµqvi ‡KŠkj:
E1 wewµqv `yB av‡c N‡U|
cÖ_g avc: GB av‡c 30 n¨v‡jv A¨vj‡Kb †_‡K n¨vjvBW (X-) AcmvwiZ nq axi MwZ‡Z Ges 30 Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avqb MwVZ nq|
wØZxq avc: GB av‡c `ªveK B Gi Avµg‡Y Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avq‡bi b Kve©b †_‡K GKwU H cigvYy †cÖvUb (H+) iƒ‡c AcmvwiZ nq| G‡Z b Kve©‡bi gy³ B‡jKUªb †Rvov a I b Kve©‡bi gv‡S bZzb K‡i Kve©b-Kve©b p eÜb ˆZwi K‡i G‡Z `yB Kve©‡bi gv‡S wØ-eÜb MV‡bi gva¨‡g A¨vjwKb †hŠM ˆZwi nq|
mvB‡Rd bxwZ: n¨v‡jv‡Rb cigvYywU cÖvšÍxq bv n‡j Ges a Kve©‡b hy³ A¨vjKvBj MÖæc¸‡jv wfbœ n‡j AcmviY wewµqvi d‡j GKvwaK A¨vjwKb Drcbœ n‡Z cv‡i|
mvB‡R‡d bxwZwU n‡jv: n¨v‡jv A¨vj‡Kb †_‡K HX Acmvi‡Y †ÿ‡Î †h Kve©‡b Kg msL¨K b-nvB‡Wªv‡Rb _v‡K †mB Kve©b †_‡K H-cigvYy a-Kve©‡bi n¨v‡jv‡Rbmg~n (X) HX iƒ‡c Acmvi‡Yi gva¨‡g A¨vjwKb MwVZ nq| †hgb-2 †eªv‡gvweD‡Ub I A¨vj‡Kvnjxq KOH Gi wewµqvq weDwUb-2 gyL¨ I weDwUb-1 †MŠY wewµqvRvZ wn‡m‡e Drcbœ nq|
A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡Mi AcmviY wewµqv:
B_vBj‡ebwRb‡K ZnO Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z 6000C ZvcgvÎvq DËß Ki‡j AcmviY wewµqvi gva¨‡g ÷vBwib Drcbœ nq|
‡ebwR‡bi eû cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv:
wd«‡Wj-µvdU wg_vB‡jkb: Abv`ª© AlCl3 Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z †ebwRb I wg_vBj †K¬vivB‡Wi wgkÖY‡K DËß Ki‡j UjyBb cvIqv hvq|
UjyBb n‡Z †ebwRb cÖ¯‘wZ: GwmW hy³ KMnO4 Øviv UjyBb‡K RvwiZ Ki‡j †ebRwqK GwmW Drcbœ nq| Drcbœ †ebRwqK GwmW‡K NaOH Gi mv‡_ wewµqv NUv‡j †mvwWqvg †eb‡Rv‡qU cvIqv hvq| G‡K †mvWvjvB‡gi mv‡_ DËß Ki‡j †ebwRb cvIqv hvq|
UjyB‡bi cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqvi kZ©mg~n:
1. A¨vjKvB‡jkb: RCl, AlCl3 Ges ZvcgvÎv 200C
2. A¨vmvB‡jkb: RCOCl ev (RCO)2O, AlCl3 Ges ZvcgvÎv 400C.
3. mvj‡dv‡bkb: aygvwqZ H2SO4(SO3) Ges ZvcgvÎv 00C.
4. n¨v‡jvwR‡bkb: Cl2/Br2 evnK (Fe) Ges ZvcgvÎv 200C.
5. bvB‡Uªkb: (Mvp HNO3 + H2SO4 Mvp) Ges ZvcgvÎv 300C.
‡ebwR‡bi Iwi‡q‡›Ukb:
‡g‡mvgvwiK dj (Mesomeric effect):
Kve©b cigvYy I AwaK Zwor FYvZ¥K †gŠ‡ji (O) cigvYyi ga¨eZ©x cvB (p) e܇bi B‡jKUª‡bi NbZ¡ AwaK Zwor FYvZ¥K cigvYyi w`‡K †ewk cwigv‡Y AvK…ó nq| ZLb cvB (p) eÜb †cvjvwiZ n‡q c‡o| AwaK Zwor FYvZ¥K cigvYyi w`‡K (p) e܇bi B‡jKUªb ¯’vbvšÍi‡K †g‡mvgvwiK (M) dj e‡j| KbRy‡qU p eÜb †g‡mvgvwiK d‡ji e‡j G‡K KbRy‡MU djI e‡j| †g‡mvgvwiK dj abvZ¥K (+M) I FYvZ¥K (-M) n‡Z cv‡i| †ebwRb P‡µ †Kv‡bv MÖæc ev g~jK Dcw¯’Z _vK‡j †m‡ÿ‡Î AvMgbKvix B‡jKUª‡bi cÖvc¨Zv †ewk n‡j GK ai‡bi Iwi‡q‡›Ukb, Avevi †Kv‡bv MÖæc ev †gŠj B‡jKUªb cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i wb‡j Ab¨ ai‡bi Iwi‡q‡›Ukb N‡U|
[‡ebwRb ej‡q –NO2 g~j‡Ki FYvZ¥K †g‡mvgvwiK cÖfve (-M cÖfve)]
mwµqKvix g~jK I wbw¯ŒqKvixg~jK:
mwµqKvix g~jK I Gi cÖfve: ‡ebwRb ej‡qi †hme cÖwZ¯’vcK abvZ¥K Av‡ekxq cÖfve (+I cÖfve) Øviv †ebwRb ej‡qi A‡_©v I c¨viv Ae¯’v‡b B‡jKUª‡bi NbZ¡ e„w× K‡i Zv‡`i mwµqKvix g~jK ev Activating Group e‡j| †hgb: -R, -CH3, -OH BZ¨vw` g~jKmg~n †ebwRb ej‡q mwµqKvix g~jK wn‡m‡e wµqv K‡i|
‡ebwRb P‡µ nvBWªw·j g~jK A‡_©v-c¨viv wb‡`k©K:
‡dbj ev †ebwRb Pµ -OH g~j‡Ki m‡½ hy³ _vKvq Aw·‡Rb cigvYyi wbtm½ hyMj B‡jKUªb AbyiY‡bi gva¨‡g †ebwRb P‡µ cÖ‡ek K‡i| d‡j †ebwRb P‡µ A‡_©v I c¨viv Ae¯’v‡b B‡jKUªb NbZ¡ e„w× cvq| ZvB –OH g~j‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z bevMZ cÖwZ¯’vcK A‡_©v I c¨viv Ae¯’v‡b hy³ nq|
(-NH2) g~jK A‡_©v I c¨viv wb‡`k©K:
‡ebwRb Pµ -NH2 g~j‡Ki m‡½ hy³ _vKvq bvB‡Uªv‡Rb cigvYyi wbtm½ hyMj B‡jKUªb AbyiY‡bi gva¨‡g †ebwRb P‡µ cÖ‡ek K‡i| d‡j †ebwRb P‡µ A‡_©v I c¨viv Ae¯’v‡b B‡jKUªb NbZ¡ e„w× cvq Ges A‡_©v I c¨viv Ae¯’v‡b B‡jKUªbvKl©x cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv †`q| †i‡Rvb¨vÝ KvVv‡gv wb¤œiƒc-
wbw¯ŒqKvix g~jK:
‡ebwRb ej‡qi †hme cÖwZ¯’vcK FYvZ¥K Av‡ekxq cÖfve (-I cÖfve) Øviv †ebwRb ej‡qi A‡_©v I c¨viv Ae¯’v‡b B‡jKUª‡bi NbZ¡ n«vm K‡i Zv‡`i wbw¯ŒqKvix g~jK ev De-Activating Group e‡j| †hgb: -CHO, -CN, -COOH, -C6H5, -NO2, -SO3H BZ¨vw` g~jKmg~n †ebwRb ej‡q wbw¯ŒqKvix g~jK wn‡m‡e wµqv K‡i| ‡hme cigvYy ev cigvYy MÖæc †ebwRb P‡µ Dcw¯’Z _vK‡j bevMZ cÖwZ¯’vcK †gUv Ae¯’v‡b (3, 5) wb‡`©wkZ nq Zv‡`i †gUv wb‡`©kK MÖæc e‡j|
‡ebwRb P‡µ -NO2 g~jK †gUv wb‡`©kK:
-NO2 MÖæc †gUv wb‡`©kKvix| KviY –NO2 MÖæ‡c bvB‡Uªv‡Rb cigvYy mivmwi †ebwRb ej‡qi m‡½ hy³ Av‡Q| d‡j –NO2 MÖæc †ebwRb ej‡qi Dcw¯’Z †_‡K †ebwRb ej‡qi cvB B‡jKUªb wb‡Ri w`‡K AvK…ó K‡i Ges †i‡Rvb¨v‡Ýi d‡j †ebwRb ej‡qi A‡_©v I c¨viv Ae¯’v‡bi B‡jKUªb NbZ¡ n«vm cvq| hvi d‡j †ebwRb ej‡qi †gUv Ae¯’v‡bi B‡jKUªb NbZ¡ ev Zwor FYvZ¥KZv A‡_©v I c¨viv Ae¯’vb A‡cÿv Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †ewk nq e‡j AvMZ B‡jK‡UªvdvBj ev B‡jKUªb AvKl©x weKviK †ebwRb ej‡qi †gvUv Ae¯’vb Øviv mn‡R AvK…ó nq| GRb¨ -NO2 MÖæc‡K †gUv wb‡`©kKvix ev †ebwRb ejq wbw¯ŒqKvix MÖæc e‡j|
A¨vj‡Kbmg~n: ‡hme ˆRe †hŠ‡M Kve©b cigvYy¸‡jv ci¯úi s-e܇b hy³ _v‡K Ges Kve©‡bi Aewkó †hvRbx¸‡jv nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Øviv c~Y© _v‡K Zv‡`i A¨vj‡Kb e‡j|
A¨vj‡Kb-Gi mvaviY cÖ¯‘wZ:
Am¤ú„³ nvB‡WªvKve©b †_‡K: mvaviY ZvcgvÎvq Pt ev Pd avZzi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z ev 1800-2000C ZvcgvÎvq Ni avZzi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z A¨vjwKb ev A¨vjKvB‡bi m‡½ nvB‡Wªv‡Rb ms‡hvR‡bi d‡j A¨vj‡Kb Drcbœ nq|
D`vniY: CH2 = CH2 + H2 CH3 – CH3
A¨vjKvBb †_‡K:
D`vniY: HC º CH +2H2 CH3 – CH3
A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW †_‡K:
(K) DU©R wewµqv Øviv: A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW Ges avZe †mvwWqvg‡K ïé B_v‡ii Dcw¯’wZ‡Z DËß Ki‡j D”PZi A¨vj‡Kb Drcbœ nq|
D`vniY: DU©R wewµqvi mvnv‡h¨ B_vBj Av‡qvWvBW †_‡K weD‡Ub cvIqv hvq|
ﮋ B_vi
2CH3CH2I + 2Na CH3CH2CH2CH3 + 2NaI
weD‡Ub
(L) wMÖMbvW© weKviK †_‡K: wMÖMbvW© weKviK cvwbmn DËß Ki‡j A¨vj‡Kb MVb K‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î wMÖMbvW© weKviK cvwb Øviv Av`ª©we‡køwlZ nq|
‡hgb-wg_vBj g¨vM‡bwmqvg Av‡qvWvBW‡K cvwbmn DËß Ki‡j wg‡_b Drcbœ nq|
CH3MgI + H2O 
CH4 + Mg (OH) I
wg‡_b
‡Kv‡ei Zworwe‡kølY wewµqv: Kve©w·wjK Gwm‡Wi Na ev cUvwkqvg je‡Yi Mvp I kxZj Rjxq `ªeY‡K cøwUbvg ZworØvi e¨envi K‡i Zworwe‡kølY Ki‡j K¨v‡_v‡W H2 I †mvwWqvg ev cUvwkqvg nvBWª·vBW Ges A¨vbv‡
D`vniY: Pt ZworØvi Øviv cUvwkqvg A¨vwm‡U‡Ui Mvp I kxZj Rjxq `ªe‡Yi Zwor we‡kølY Ki‡j A¨v‡bv‡W B‡_b Drcbœ nq|
2CH3COOK+ 2H2O ® CH3CH3+2CO2 + H2+2KOH
A¨v‡bv‡
A¨vjwWnvBW I wK‡Uvb †_‡K: A¨vjwWnvBW I wK‡Uv‡bi wK¬‡gbmb weRviY Øviv weRvwiZ Ki‡j A¨vj‡Kb Drcbœ nq| A_©vr A¨vjwWnvBW Ges wK‡Uvb‡K wR¼ cvi` (wR¼ A¨vgvjMvg) I Mvp nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW Øviv weRvwiZ Ki‡j A¨vj‡Kb Drcbœ nq| Avwe®‹vi‡Ki bvgvbymv‡i wewµqvwU‡K wK¬‡gbmb weRviY e‡j|
D`vniY:
|
CH3CHO CH3 – CH3
|
CH3COCH3 CH3CH2CH3
2. bvB‡Uªkb: A¨vj‡Kb I HNO3 ev®ú‡K 4000C DòZvq DËß Ki‡j A¨vj‡K‡bi ‘H’ cigvYy NO2 Øviv cÖwZ¯’vwcZ n‡q bvB‡UªvA¨vj‡Kb Drcbœ K‡i|
‡hgb, CH4 + HNO3 ® CH3 – NO2 + H2O
A¨vj‡K‡bi cÖfveKxq widi‡gkb: ‡hgb-Al2O3 ev Cr2O3 cÖfve‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z 40 atm. Pv‡c A_ev cøvwUbvg cÖfve‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z 10 atm Pv‡c mvB‡K¬v‡n‡·b‡K 5000C ZvcgvÎvq DËß Ki‡j mvB‡K¬v‡n‡·b AYy cybM©wVZ ev widg© n‡q †ebwRb MVb K‡i|
A¨vj‡K‡bi e¨envi:
(K) cÖvK…wZK M¨vm wn‡m‡e A¨vj‡K‡bi e¨envi|
(L) LPG wn‡m‡e A¨vj‡K‡bi e¨envi|
(M) †gvUi dz‡qj wn‡m‡e A¨vj‡K‡bi e¨envi|
(N) c¨vivwdb wn‡m‡e A¨vj‡K‡bi e¨envi|
A¨vjwKbmg~n:
Am¤ú„³ gy³wkKj A¨vwj‡dwUK nvB‡WªvKve©‡bi AYy‡Z GKwU Kve©b-Kve©b wØ-eÜb we`¨gvb _v‡K ZvB A¨vjwKbmg~‡ni mvaviY ms‡KZ: CnH2n
A¨vjwK‡bi mvaviY cÖ¯‘Z cÖYvwj:
1. A¨vj‡Kvnj †_‡K A¨vjwKb: wewfbœ wbiæ`K Øviv A¨vj‡Kvnj‡K wbiæw`Z Ki‡j A¨vjwKb cvIqv hvq| wbiæ`K wn‡m‡e mvaviYZ Mvp H2SO4, Al2O3, H3PO4 cÖf…wZ e¨envi Kiv nq| A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji wbiæ`‡b Mvp H2SO4 I 30 A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji wbiæ`‡b jNy H2SO4 Kvh©Kix| A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji wbiæ`‡bi cÖeYZvi µg n‡jv 30 >20 >10
‡hgb, †cÖvcvbj-1 I AwaK cwigvY Mvp H2SO4 1600-1700C ZvcgvÎvq DËß Ki‡j ‡cÖvwcb cvIqv hvq|
Avevi, B_vbj‡K 1700C ZvcgvÎvq AwaK H2SO4 mn DËß Ki‡j Bw_b Drcbœ nq|
CH3–CH2–CH2-OH CH2= CH2 +H2O
ivmvqwbK ag©: †gN mÂiYkxj nIqvq wØ-eÜbwU †cvjvwiwU ev †giæ cÖeYZv †`Lvq| ZvB A¨vjwKbmg~n ¯^Ztù~Z©fv‡e B‡jKUªbvKl©x hyZ wewµqv †`q| ‡cvjvwiwU m¤úbœ wØ-e܇bi Dcw¯’wZi Kvi‡Y A¨vjwKbmg~n wb‡¤œv³ ˆewkó¨c~Y© ag© ev wewµqv cÖ`k©b K‡i:
1. hyZ ev ms‡hvRb wewµqv
2. I‡RvbxKiY
3. RviY wewµqv
4. cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv I
5. cwjgviKiY wewµqv|
A¨vjwK‡bi wewfbœ wewµqv: wb‡P A¨vjwK‡bi wewµqvmg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb ms‡hvRb (nvB‡WªvwR‡bkb): †h wewµqvq A¨vjwKb †hŠ‡M nvB‡Wªv‡Rb hy³ n‡q h_vµ‡g A¨vj‡Kb Drcbœ nq Zv‡K nvB‡WªvwR‡bkb e‡j|
D`vniY¯^iƒc 1800C DòZvq Ni Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z Bw_‡bi m‡½ nvB‡Wªv‡Rb hy³ n‡q B‡_b Drcbœ K‡i|
H2C = CH2 + H2 
H3C – CH3
I‡RvbxKiY: Abv`ª© I kxZj `ªveK †hgb, CCl4 G A¨vjwKb‡K `ªexf~Z K‡i I‡Rvb †hvM Ki‡j A¯’vqx I‡RvbvBW MwVZ nq| Drcbœ I‡RvbvBW‡K `¯Ívi ¸uov I cvwbmn DËß Ki‡j Zv Av`ª©-we‡køwlZ n‡q e܇bi `yÕcv‡ki `yÕAsk w`‡q `ywU Kve©wbj †hŠM Drcbœ K‡i| ‡hgb
cwjgvKiY: 1000-1200 evqyPv‡c Bw_b M¨vm‡K Zijxf~Z K‡i mvgvb¨ Aw·‡R‡bi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z 2000C DòZvq DËß Ki‡j Bw_‡bi AmsL¨ AYy cici hy³ n‡q hyZ cwjgvi (cwjw_b) MVb K‡i|
n H2C= CH2®
GLv‡b, n = 600-1000
A¨vjwK‡bi e¨envi:
1| K…wÎg Dcv‡q KuvPv dj cvKvevi Rb¨ Bw_b e¨eüZ nq|
2| gv÷vW© M¨vm, MøvBKj, ÷vBwib, cwjw_b cÖf…wZ cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡ZI cÖPzi cwigv‡Y Bw_b e¨eüZ nq|
3| †Udjb bvgK ms‡køwlK myZv, K…wÎg ivevi †hgb, _v‡qvKj Drcv`‡b cÖPzi cwigvY Bw_wjb e¨eüZ nq|
4| wewfbœ `ªveK †hgb MøvBKj, WvBA‡·b cÖf…wZ cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z Bw_b e¨eüZ nq|
5| †PZbvbvkK wn‡m‡eI Bw_‡bi e¨envi Av‡Q|
6| Aw·-Bw_wjb wkLv Drcv`‡b Bw_b e¨eüZ nq| avZz †Rvov †`Iqvi Kv‡R G wkLv e¨envi Kiv nq|
7| R¦vjvwb wn‡m‡eI Bw_‡bi e¨envi Av‡Q|
A¨vjKvBb:
A¨vjKvBb Am¤ú„³ †hŠ‡Mi 2q mg‡MvÎxq †kÖwY| Gi mvaviY ms‡KZ CnH2n-2| GwUI B‡jKUªbvKl©x hyZ wewµqv ‡`q| ZvQvov RviY-weRviY I cwjgviKiY wewµqvi Rb¨ A¨vjKvBb we‡klfv‡e cwiwPZ|
A¨vjKvB‡bi mvaviY cÖ¯‘wZ:
1. mwbœwnZ WvBn¨vjvBW †_‡K nvB‡Wªv‡Rb n¨vjvBW AcmviY Øviv:
cici `ywU wfbœ Kve©b cigvYy‡Z `ywU n¨v‡jv‡Rb cigvYy hy³ Av‡Q Ggb WvBn¨v‡jv †hŠM‡K wfwmb¨vj ev mwbœwnZ WvB n¨vjvBW e‡j| mwbœwnZ WvBn¨vjvBW A¨vj‡Kvnjxq KOH Gi mv‡_ wewµqv Ki‡j cÖ_‡g A¨vjwKb Ges c‡i A¨vjKvBb Drcbœ K‡i|
D`vniY:
wb‡P A¨vjKvB‡bi K‡qKwU ms‡hvRb wewµqv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
ÿvixq KMnO4 Øviv RviY: A¨vjKvBb KMnO4 Øviv RvwiZ n‡q ˆRe GwmW Drcbœ K‡i| wÎe܇bi Ae¯’vb Abymv‡i wfbœ wfbœ GwmW cvIqv hvq|
R – C º C – H + [O] ® R – COOH + CO2 + H2O
Z‡e B_vBb RvwiZ n‡q A·vwjK GwmW Drcbœ K‡i|
HC º CH + 4 [O] ® HOOC – COOH
cwjgviKiY wewµqv: 4000C DòZvq †jvwnZ Zß †jŠn b‡ji †fZi w`‡q B_vBb M¨vm Pvjbv Ki‡j †ebwRb Drcbœ nq| hv Øviv †evSv hvq †ebwRb B_vB‡bi GKwU cwjgvi|
A¨vjKvB‡bi e¨envi:
A¨vjKvB‡bi g‡a¨ A¨vwmwUwj‡bi eûgyLx e¨envi i‡q‡Q| wb‡P A¨vwmwUwj‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e¨envimg~n D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv-
(1) A¨vwmwUwjb I Aw·‡Rb M¨vmwgkÖ‡Yi `n‡b Drcbœ bxjvf wkLv‡K Aw·-A¨vwmwUwjb wkLv e‡j| Aw·-A¨vwmwUwjb wkLv 33000C Gi AwaK ZvcgvÎvi m„wó K‡i hv avZz‡K Mwj‡q †Rvov jvMv‡Z ev KvU‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
(2) wcwfwm †iwRb I ivevi Drcv`‡b A¨vwmwUwjb e¨eüZ nq|
(3) wewfbœ ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ †hgb-B_vb¨vj, MøvBA·vj, A·vwjK GwmW BZ¨vw` ˆZwi‡Z A¨vwmwUwjb e¨eüZ nq|
(4) K…wÎgfv‡e dj cvKv‡bvi Kv‡R c‡ivÿfv‡e A¨vwmwUwjb M¨vm e¨eüZ nq| e× K‡ÿ KuvPv dj (Avg, Kjv, U‡g‡Uv, gvëv BZ¨vw`) †i‡L K‡ÿi GK †Kvbvq GKwU cv‡Î mvgvb¨ K¨vjwmqvg Kve©vBW wb‡q Gi Dci cvwb †¯úª K‡i K‡qK N›Uv †i‡L w`‡j dj †c‡K hvq|
(5) †hme GjvKvq we`y¨‡Zi NvUwZ i‡q‡Q ‡m †ÿ‡Î Av‡jv R¦vjv‡bvi Kv‡R ev Mvwoi †nWjvB‡U Kve©vBW j¨v¤ú e¨eüZ nq|
(6) cwjA¨vwmwUwjb wdj¥ ˆRe Aa©cwievnx ˆZwi‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
A¨vj‡Kb, A¨vjwKb I A¨vjKvB‡bi g‡a¨ Zzjbv I cv_©K¨KiY:
cv_©K¨Kvix weKviK | A¨vj‡Kb | A¨vjwKb | A¨vjKvBb |
1| CCl4 G `ªexf~Z Br2 `ªeY| | 1| wewµqv wgkÖY‡K SuvKv‡j †eªvwgb `ªe‡Yi jvj e‡Y©i †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b nq bv| | 1| wewµqv wgkÖY‡K SuvKv‡j †eªvwgb `ªe‡Yi jvj eY© `ªæZ webó nq| | | -C=C-+Br2(jvj) CCl4
| | - C - C - | | | 1| wewµqv wgkÖY‡K SuvKv‡j †eªvwgb `ªe‡Yi jvj eY© ax‡i ax‡i webó nq| - C º C - +2Br2 Br Br | | CCl4 – C - C –
Br Br |
2| KOH hy³KMnO4 `ªeY| | 2| KMnO4 `ªe‡Yi †Mvjvwc e‡Y©i †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b nq bv| | 2| KMnO4 `ªe‡Yi †Mvjvwc eY© `ªæZ webó nq| | | -C=C -+MnO4+2KOH | | ® - C–C - +K2MnO4 | | OH OH | 2| KMnO4 `ªe‡Yi ‡Mvjvwc eY© ax‡i ax‡i webó nq| R-CºC-R¢+4[O] ® R – COOH + R¢ - COOH |
3| A¨v‡gvwbqvhy³ AgNO3 | 3| †Kv‡bv mv`v Aat‡ÿc ˆZwi nq bv| | 3| †Kv‡bv mv`v Aat‡ÿc ˆZwi nq bv| | 3| 1-A¨vjKvB‡bi †ÿ‡Î wmjfvi A¨vjKvBbvB‡Wi mv`v Aat‡ÿc ˆZwi nq| R-CºC-H+Ag (NH3)2NO3 ®R-CºC-Ag¯+ NH4NO4 + NH3 |
4| A¨v‡gvwbqvhy³ CuCl `ªeY| | 4| †Kv‡bv jvj e‡Y©i Aat‡ÿc c‡o bv| | 4| †Kv‡bv jvj e‡Y©i Aat‡ÿc c‡o bv| | 4| 1-A¨vjKvB‡bi †ÿ‡Î wKDcÖvm A¨vjKvBbvB‡Wi jvj Aat‡ÿc c‡o| R-CºC-H+Cu (NH3)2Cl ®R-CºC-Cu¯+ NH4Cl + NH3 |
A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW:
A¨vwj‡dwUK ev A¨v‡iv‡gwUK nvB‡WªvKve©‡bi GKK H-cigvYy †Kv‡bv n¨v‡jv‡Rb Øviv cÖwZ¯’vwcZ n‡j Drcbœ †hŠMwUB A¨vjKvBj ev A¨vivBj n¨vjvBW| G‡`i A¨vj‡K‡bi n¨v‡jv‡Rb RvZKI ejv nq| †hgb-CH3Cl, CH2Cl2, CHCl3 BZ¨vw` A¨vwj‡dwUK A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW|
didivm n¨vjvB‡Wi m‡½ wewµqv Øviv: A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji m‡½ dmdivm n¨vjvBW (PX3 ev PX5) Gi wewµqvq A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW Drcbœ nq|
D`vniY: CH3OH + PCl5 ® CH3Cl + POCl3 + HCl
CH3 - CH2 -OH+PCl5 ® CH3 - CH2 - Cl+POCl3+HCl
A¨vj‡Kb †_‡K: m~h©v‡jv‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z A¨vj‡K‡bi m‡½ †K¬vwib ev †eªvwg‡bi wewµqvq A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW Drcbœ nq|
hu
CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + HCl
A¨vivBj n¨vjvB‡Wi mvaviY cÖ¯‘Z cÖYvwj:
n¨v‡jvwR‡bkb wewµqv: Kg ZvcgvÎvq (-500C) Av‡jvi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z Abv`ª© †dwiK ev A¨vjywgwbqvg n¨vjvB‡Wi g‡Zv jyBm Gwm‡Wi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z A¨v‡iv‡gwUK nvB‡WªvKve©‡bi m‡½ †K¬vwib ev †eªvwg‡bi wewµqvq †K¬v‡ivA¨vwib ev A¨vivBj †K¬vivBW Ges †eªv‡gvA¨vwib ev A¨vivBj †eªvgvBW cÖ¯‘Z Kiv hvq|
Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg jeY †_‡K:
m¨vÛ‡gqvi wewµqvi gva¨‡g: Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg je‡Yi m‡½ mgcwigvY wKDcÖvm n¨vjvBW I AwaK cwigvY Abyiƒc n¨v‡jv‡Rb GwmW †hvM K‡i 1000C G DËß Ki‡j Wvqv‡Rv g~jKwU n¨v‡jv‡Rb cigvYy Øviv cÖwZ¯’vwcZ n‡q n¨v‡jv‡ebwRb I bvB‡Uªv‡Rb Drcbœ nq|
M¨vUvig¨vb wewµqv: wKDcÖvm n¨vjvB‡Wi cwie‡Z© n¨v‡jv‡Rb Gwm‡Wi m‡½ Cu cvDWv‡ii wewµqvq †K¬v‡ivA¨vwib ev †eªv‡gvA¨vwi‡bi cwigvY †ewk nq| m¨vÛ‡gqvi wewµqvi GB cwiewZ©Z c×wZ‡Z M¨vUvig¨vb wewµqv e‡j|
‡R‡b iv‡Lv:
CHCl3 Gi weï×Zv cixÿv: m~h©v‡jv‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z CHCl3 evqyi O2 Gi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i dmwRb M¨vm I nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW Drcbœ nq|
Av‡jv
CHCl3 + O2 COCl2 + HCl
myZivs †K¬v‡ivdig bgybv‡Z welv³ dmwRb M¨vm I HCl Gi Dcw¯’wZ cvIqv †M‡j Zv weï× bq e‡j a‡i †bIqv nq| HCl Gi Dcw¯’wZ cixÿvi R‡b¨ D³ bgybv‡Z K‡qK †duvUv HNO3 ‡hvM K‡i Zv‡Z AgNO3 `ªeY ‡hvM Kiv nq| hw` G‡ÿ‡Î AgCl Gi mv`v Aat‡ÿc cvIqv hvq Z‡e bgybv‡Z HCl Dcw¯’wZ cÖgvwYZ nq|
AgNO3 + HCl ® AgCl ¯ HNO3
myZivs mv`v Aat‡ÿc Drcbœ bv n‡j Zv c‡ivÿfv‡e welv³ dmwRb M¨v‡mi Abyycw¯’wZ Z_v †K¬v‡ivdi‡gi weï×Zv cÖgvY K‡i|
A¨vj‡Kvnj:
nvB‡WªvKve©‡bi nvBWªw·RvZK hv‡Z GK ev GKvwaK nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy mgmsL¨K –OH MÖæc Øviv cÖwZ¯’vwcZ nq, Zv‡`i A¨vj‡Kvnj e‡j|
A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji mvaviY cÖ¯‘wZ:
A¨vjKvBj ev A¨vivBj n¨vjvBW †_‡K A¨vj‡Kvnj cÖ¯‘wZ:
(i) B_vBj Av‡qvWvBW‡K jNy NaOH `ªeYmn DËß Ki‡j B_vBj A¨vj‡Kvnj cvIqv hvq|
D
CH3–CH2–I+ NaOH(aq) CH3 – CH2–OH + NaI
RX Gi cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqvi µg: RI > RBr > RCl
(ii) †ebRvBj †K¬vivBW‡K KOH Gi jNy `ªeYmn dzUv‡j †ebRvBj A¨vj‡Kvnj cvIqv hvq|
- CH2–Cl + KOH(aq)
- CH2 –OH+KCl
‡ebRvBj †K¬vivBW †ebRvBj A¨vj‡Kvnj
A¨vjwKb †_‡K A¨vj‡Kvnj cÖ¯‘wZ: A¨vjwKb‡K Mvp H2SO4 Gi ‡fZ‡i Pvjbv Ki‡j A¨vjKvBj nvB‡Wªv‡Rb mvj‡dU Drcbœ nq| cieZ©x‡Z GwU Av`ª©we‡køwlZ n‡q A¨vj‡Kvn‡j cwiYZ nq|
‡hgb, Bw_b‡K Mvp H2SO4 Gi †fZi Pvjbv Ki‡j B_vBj nvB‡Wªv‡Rb mvj‡dU Drcbœ nq, cieZ©x‡Z G‡K cvwbmn cvZb Ki‡j B_vbj cvIqv hvq|
CH2 = CH2 + H2SO4 ® CH3 – CH2 – OSO3H
B_vBj nvB‡Wªv‡Rb mvj‡dU
D
CH3–CH2–OSO3H+ H2O CH3–CH2–OH +H2SO4
B_vbj
wMÖMbvW© weKvi‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ 10, 20 Ges 30 A¨vj‡Kvnj cÖ¯‘wZ:
Kve©wbj †hŠ‡Mi m‡½ wMÖMbvW© weKvi‡Ki (R-Mg-X) wewµqv NwU‡q 10, 20 Ges 30 A¨vj‡Kvnj cvIqv hvq|
10 A¨vj‡Kvnj cÖ¯‘wZ: wMÖMbvW© weKvi‡Ki B_vi `ªe‡Yi m‡½ digvjwWnvBW ev wg_vb¨v‡ji wewµqvq Drcbœ ga¨eZ©x RwUj †hŠM‡K GwmW Øviv Av`ª©we‡kølY Ki‡j cÖvBgvwi A¨vj‡Kvnj (10 A¨vj‡Kvnj) cvIqv hvq|
20 A¨vj‡Kvnj cÖ¯‘wZ: Dc‡iv³ wewµqvq digvjwWnvB‡Wi cwie‡Z© Ab¨ †h‡Kv‡bv A¨vjwWnvBW e¨envi Ki‡j †m‡KÛvwi A¨vj‡Kvnj (20 A¨vj‡Kvnj) cvIqv hvq|
30 A¨vj‡Kvnj cÖ¯‘wZ: Avevi, A¨vjwWnvB‡Wi cwie‡Z© wK‡Uvb e¨envi Ki‡j Uviwkqvwi A¨vj‡Kvnj (30 A¨vj‡Kvnj) cvIqv hvq|
Kve©w·wjK Gwm‡Wi weRviY Øviv: ﮋ B_vi gva¨‡g wjw_qvg A¨vjywgwbqvg nvBWªvBW (LiAlH4) Øviv Kve©w·wjK Gwm‡Wi weRvi‡Y A¨vj‡Kvni Drcbœ nq|
(i) LiAlH4/ B_vi
RCOOH RCH2OH
(ii) H3O+
‡R‡b iv‡Lv:
1| A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji Rvi‡Y K2Cr2O7/H2SO4 Gi Zzjbvq Na2Cr2O7/H2SO4 e¨envi myweavRbK Na2Cr2O7/H2SO4 weKviwU K2Cr2O7/H2SO4 Gi Zzjbvq A¨vj‡Kvn‡j AwaK `ªeYxq| G Rb¨ A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji Rvi‡Y K2Cr2O7/H2SO4 Gi Zzjbvq Na2Cr2O7/H2SO4 Gi e¨envi myweavRbK|
2| A¨vj‡Kvnj‡K wbiæw`Z K‡i A¨vjwKb cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z Mvp H2SO4 e¨envi Kiv nq wKš‘ HCl e¨envi Kiv nq bv A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji wbiæ`‡b A¨vjwKb cÖ¯‘wZi wewµqvwU Kv‡e©vK¨vUvqb Drcbœ nIqvi gva¨‡g N‡U _v‡K| GLb HCl e¨envi Ki‡j HCl ‡_‡K †h Cl- Avqb cvIqv hvq Zv GKwU kw³kvjx wbDwK¬IdvBj e‡j A¨vjwK‡bi cwie‡Z© A¨vjKvBj †K¬vivBW Drcbœ nq|
A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji kbv³KiY: (i) ﮋ Na ‡hvM Ki‡j A¨vj‡Kvnj †_‡K ey`ey` M¨vm ˆZwi nq hv wb‡R R¦‡j|
R – OH + Na ® R – ONa + 2H2
(ii) A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji bgybvq PCl5 †hvM Ki‡j †h HCl M¨vm Drcbœ nq Zv NH3 Gi mv‡_ wbkv`j (NH4Cl) ‰Zwi K‡i|
R – OH + PCl5 ® R – Cl + POCl3 + HCl
HCl + NH3 ® NH4Cl
B_vbj cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq A_P B‡_b A`ªeYxq †Kb?
DËi: A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji AYy‡Z we`¨gvb O – H e܇b nvB‡Wªv‡Rb A‡cÿv Aw·‡R‡bi Zwor FYvZ¥KZv AwaK nIqvi Kvi‡Y O – H eÜb †cvjvwiwU cÖvß nq| cvwbi AYy‡ZiI O – H eÜb †giæ cÖK…wZi nIqvq Giv A¨vj‡Kvnj AYyi g‡Zv †cvjvwiZ nq| A¨vj‡Kvnj‡K hLb cvwb‡Z wgkv‡bv nq ZLb GKwU A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji FYvZ¥K PvR©evnx Aw·‡R‡bi m‡½ cvwbi AYyi abvZ¥K PvR©evnx nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi GKwU AvKl©Y ej KvR K‡i| GB nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÜb _vKvi Kvi‡Y A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji wb¤œZi m`m¨¸‡jv cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq|
Aciw`‡K B‡_b GKwU A‡cvjvi †hŠM| B‡_b AYyi C – H e܇bi †cvjvwiwU bv _vKvq AYy¸‡jvi gv‡
A¨vj‡Kvnj †_‡K A¨vjwKb cÖ¯‘wZ: wewfbœ wbiæ`K Øviv A¨vj‡Kvnj‡K wbiæw`Z A¨vjwKb cvIqv hvq| wbiæ`K wn‡m‡e mvaviYZ Mvp H2SO4, Al2O3 I H3PO4 BZ¨vw` e¨envi Kiv nq| GB wewµqvwU `yB av‡c msNwUZ nq|
R-CH2-CH2-OH +H2SO4 R-CH2CH2SO4H+H2O
1800C
A¨vj‡Kvnj
R- CH2CH2SO4H R – CH = CH2 + H2SO4
1800C A¨vjwKb
hw` wewµqvq A¨vj‡Kvnj †ewk nq (140-1500C) Ges ZvcgvÎv wKQz Kg nq Z‡e B_vi Drcbœ n‡e|
C2H5OH + H2SO4 ® C2H5SO4H + H2O
C2H5SO4H + C2H5OH ® C2H5 – O – C2H5 + H2SO4
B_vi:
- O – Kvh©Kix MÖæchy³ ˆRe †hŠM‡K B_vi e‡j| B_v‡ii mvaviY ms‡KZ CnH2n+2O|
B_v‡ii mvaviY cÖ¯‘wZ:
DBwjqvgmb wewµqvi gva¨‡g:
‡mvwWqvg A¨vjK·vBW‡K A¨vj‡Kvnjxq `ªe‡Y A¨vjKvBj n¨v‡jvBWmn DËß Ki‡j A¨vjKw· A¨vj‡Kb ev B_vi cvIqv hvq| B_vi ˆZwii G wewµqv‡K DBwjqvgmb ms‡kølY e‡j|
‡hgb, B_vBj †eªvgvBW‡K ‡mvwWqvg B_·vB‡Wi m‡½ A¨vj‡Kvnjxq `ªe‡Y DËß Ki‡j B_w· B‡_b ev WvBB_vBj B_vi cvIqv hvq|
A¨vj‡Kvnj
CH3-CH2-
+Br-CH2-CH3®CH3-CH2-O-CH2-CH3+NaBr
‡mvwWqvg B_·vBW B_vBj †eªvgvBWB_w· B‡_b
wMÖMbvW© weKviK †_‡K : a-n¨v‡jv B_v‡ii m‡½ Dchy³ wMÖMbvW© weKvi‡Ki wewµqvq D”PZi B_vi cÖ¯‘Z Kiv hvq| †hgb-
ﮋ B_vi
CH3 – O–CH2Cl+ C2H5MgBr CH3-O-Mg(Br)Cl
B_vBj wg_vBj B_vi
B_vi I A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji a‡g©i Zzjbv:
weKviK | B_vi | A¨vj‡Kvnj | |
1. | avZe Na | ‡Kv‡bv wewµqv †`q bv| | ‡mvwWqvg A¨vj‡Kv·vBW I nvB‡Wªv‡Rb M¨vm ey`ey` AvKv‡i wbM©Z 2ROH+2Na=2RONa+H2 |
2. | PCl5 | DËß Ae¯’vq wewµqv N‡U| wKš‘ HCl wbM©Z nq bv| CH3OCH3+PCl5®2CH3Cl+POCl3 | HCl wbM©Z nq hv NH3 wm³ KvP`‡Ûi ms¯ú‡k© mv`v Nb †auvqv m„wó nq| ROH+PCl5®RCl+POCl3+HCl NH3+HCl=NH4Cl (mv`v †auvqv) |
3. | RviK c`v_© | mn‡R RvwiZ nq bv| | RvwiZ n‡q cÖ_‡g A¨vjwWnvBW I c‡i GwmW Drcbœ nq [O] [O] RCH2OH ® RCHO ®RCOOH A¨vj‡Kvnj A¨vjwWnvBW GwmW |
Kve©wbj g~jKhy³ C = O ‰Re †hŠM AwZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| ‰Re †hŠ‡M A¨vjwWnvBW I wK‡Uv‡bi mKj ag© I ˆewkó¨ Kve©wbj g~j‡Ki Dci wbf©i K‡i|
Kve©wbj ‡hŠ‡Mi mvaviY cÖ¯‘Z cÖYvwj:
A¨vjwWnvBW: 10 A¨vj‡Kvnj K2Cr2O7 Ges jNy H2SO4 Øviv RvwiZ Ki‡j A¨vjwWnvBW cvIqv hvq|
K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4
R – CH2OH + [O] R- CHO + H2O
10 A¨vj‡Kvnj A¨vjwWnvBW
wK‡Uvb: 20 A¨vj‡Kvnj‡K K2Cr2O7 Ges H2SO4 Øviv RvwiZ Ki‡j wK‡Uvb cvIqv hvq|
OH
| K2Cr2O7
R – CH – R + [O] R – CO – R + H2O
20 A¨vj‡Kvnj H2SO4 wK‡Uvb
wMÖMbvW© weKviK n‡Z:
Kve©w·wjK GwmW †_‡K:
(i) A¨vjwWnvBW: 3000C ZvcgvÎvq diwgK GwmW I Zvi mg‡Mv·Ki ev®ú cÖfveK g¨v½vbvm A·vB‡Wi Dci cÖevwnZ Ki‡j A¨vjwWnvBW Drcbœ nq|
MnO
D`vniY: CH3COOH+HCOOH CH3CHO+CO2+H2O
3000C
(ii) wK‡Uvb: 3000C ZvcgvÎvq diwgK GwmW wfbœ Ab¨ d¨vwU Gwm‡Wi ev®ú g¨v½vbvm A·vBW A_ev A¨vjywgbvi Dci cÖevwnZ Ki‡j wK‡Uvb Drcbœ nq|
D`vniY: 2CH3COOH ® CH3COCH3 + CO2 + H2O
Kve©wbj †hŠ‡Mi (A¨vjwWnvBW ev wK‡Uvb) wewfbœ wewµqvmg~n:
(i) nvB‡Wªv‡Rb mvqvbvB‡Wi (HCN) mv‡_ wewµqv|
(ii) wMÖMbvW© weKvi‡Ki (RMgX) m‡½ wewµqv|
wMÖMbvW© weKvi‡Ki m‡½ wg_¨vb¨v‡ji wewµqvq 10-A¨vj‡Kvnj, wg_vb¨vj e¨ZxZ mKj A¨vjwWnvB‡Wi m‡½ wewµqvq 20-A¨vj‡Kvnj Ges wK‡Uv‡bi m‡½ wewµqvq 30-A¨vj‡Kvnj Drcbœ nq|
(iii) wK¬‡gbmb weRviY wewµqv|
CH3CHO + 4[H] CH3 – CH3 + H2O
B_vb¨vj Zn – Hg + HCl B‡_b
(iv) K¨vwbRv‡iv wewµqv|
Mvp NaOH `ªe‡Yi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z dig¨vjwWnvBW (H-CHO) Gi `yB AYy ci¯úi RviY-weRviY wewµqvi gva¨‡g †mvwWqvg wg_v‡bv‡qU ev †mvwWqvg di‡gU I wg_vbj Drcbœ K‡i|
RviY
HCHO+HCHO+NaOH `ªeY = HCOONa+CH3OH
wg_vb¨vj wg_vb¨vj 50% (Mvp) †mvwWqvg di‡gU wg_vbj
weRviY
kZ©: †hme A¨vjwWnvB‡Wi AYy‡Z a-nvB‡Wªv‡Rb _v‡K bv| ZvivB ïaygvÎ K¨vwbRv‡iv wewµqv †`q|
(v) n¨v‡jvdig wewµqv|
D`vniY: B_vb¨vj ev †cÖvcv‡bvb, NaOH/KOH Ges Cl2/I2 Gi m‡½ 600C ZvcgvÎvq wewµqv K‡i h_vµ‡g †K¬v‡ivdig I Av‡qv‡Wvdig Drcbœ K‡i|
O
|| D
CH3-C-H+3I2+4NaOH CHI3+HCOONa+3NaI+3H2O
B_vb¨vjAv‡qv‡Wvdig
O
|| D
CH3-C-H+3Cl2+4NaOH CHCl3+HCOONa+3NaI+3H2O
B_vb¨vj ‡K¬v‡ivdig
Kve©bvBj †hŠMmg~‡ni e¨envi
(K) digvjwWnvBW ev wg_vb¨v‡ji e¨envi: (1) digvjwWnvB‡Wi 40% Rjxq `ªeY ev digvwjb RxevYybvkK iƒ‡c e¨eüZ nq| Avqbv cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z weRviK wn‡m‡e, BbwW‡Mvi wk‡ívrcv`b, †dbj digvjwWnvBW cøvw÷K ev e¨v‡KjvBU, BDwiqv digvjwWnvBW, cøvw÷K ev digvBKv Ges †gjvgvBb cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z digvjwWnvBW e¨envi Kiv nq|
(L) A¨vwmUvjwWnvB‡Wi (B_vb¨vj) e¨envi: A¨vwmwUK GwmW, B_vBj A¨vwm‡UU, iÄK wk‡í I Avqbv cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z, ivevi wk‡íi cÖ‡qvRbxq ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ 1.3-weDUvWvBb cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
(M) A¨vwm‡Uv‡bi (‡cÖvcv‡bvb) e¨envi: (1) A¨vwmwUwjb, †mjy‡jvR RvZK, evwb©k, †cB›U, †iwRb I cøvw÷K BZ¨vw`i `ªveKiƒ‡c, (2) ‡K¬v‡ivdig, _v‡g©vcøvw÷K cvi‡¯ú· cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z|
Kve©w·wjK GwmW:
Kve©w·j g~jKwewkó ‰Re †hŠMmg~n‡K Kve©w·wjK GwmW ev ˆRe GwmW e‡j| †hme ˆRe †hŠM A¤øZ¡ cÖ`k©b K‡i _v‡K Zv‡`i g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg ˆRe GwmW|
Kve©w·j Gwm‡Wi mvaviY cÖ¯‘Z cÖYvwj:
cÖvBgvwi A¨vj‡Kvnj †_‡K Kve©w·wjK GwmW cÖ¯‘wZ: cÖvBgvwi A¨vj‡Kvnj‡K Mvp mvjwdDwiK GwmW I cUvwkqvg WvB‡µv‡gU Øviv RvwiZ Ki‡j Kve©w·wjK GwmW Drcbœ nq|
‡hgb, B_vbj‡K Mvp H2SO4 wgwkÖZ cUvwkqvg WvB‡µv‡gUmn DËß Ki‡j B_vbj RvwiZ n‡q cÖ_‡g B_vb¨vj I c‡i B_vbwqK Gwm‡W cwiYZ nq|
K2Cr2O7
CH3CH2OH + [O] CH3CHO + H2O
B_vbj H2SO4 B_vb¨vj
CH3CHO + [O] ® CH3COOH
B_vb¨vj B_vbwqK GwmW
wMÖMbvW© weKviK †_‡K Kve©w·wjK GwmW cÖ¯‘wZ:
D`vniY: wg_vBj g¨vM‡bwmqvg †eªvgvBW CO2 Gi m‡½ wewµqv K‡i A¯’vqx AšÍeZ©x †hŠM MVb K‡i, hv A¤øxq gva¨‡g Av`ª© we‡køwlZ n‡q B_vbwqK GwmW ev A¨vwmwUK GwmW Drcbœ K‡i|
G÷v‡ii Av`ª©we‡kølY Øviv:
GwmW ev ÿvi `ªeY mn‡hv‡M G÷vi‡K DËß Ki‡j G÷vi Av`ª©we‡køwlZ n‡q Kve©w·wjK GwmW Drcbœ K‡i|
HCl
RCOONa+R¢OH ® RCOOH
ÿv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ G÷v‡ii Av`ª©we‡kølY‡K mvevbvqb (saponification) e‡j|
G÷vi cÖ¯‘wZ:
†hgb-LwbR Gwm‡Wi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z B_vbwqK Gwm‡Wi m‡½ B_vb‡ji wewµqvq B_vBj B_vb‡qU bvgK G÷vi Drcbœ nq|
A¨vbnvBWªvBW cÖ¯‘wZ: kw³kvjx wbiæ`K †hgb P2O5 Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z Kve©w·wjK GwmW‡K DËß Ki‡j `yB AYy GwmW †_‡K GK AYy cvwbi Acmvi‡Yi gva¨‡g GwmW A¨vbnvBWªvBW MwVZ nq| ‡hgb-
G÷vi: Kve©w·wjK Gwm‡Wi –OH g~jKwU A¨vjKw· g~jK Øviv cÖwZ¯’vwcZ Ki‡j Drcbœ †hŠMwU‡K G÷vi e‡j| G÷v‡ii mvaviYZ ms‡KZ CnH2n+1 COOR| H2SO4 ev HCl Dcw¯’wZ‡Z A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji m‡½ Kve©w·wjK GwmW‡K DËß Ki‡j cvwb Acmvi‡Yi gva¨‡g GKwU Nbxfeb †hŠM MwVZ nq| G †hŠM‡K G÷vi e‡j| ‡hgb-LwbR Gwm‡Wi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z B_vbwqK Gwm‡Wi m‡½ B_vb‡ji wewµqvq B_vBj B_vb‡qU bvgK G÷vi Drcbœ nq|
H+
CH3-CO OH + H – O CH2CH3 CH3-CO-OCH2-CH3+H2O
B_vbwqK GwmW B_vbj B_vBj B_vb‡qU
G÷v‡ii wewfbœ wewµqvmg~n:
G÷vi Av`ª©we‡kølY: LwbR GwmW †hgb H2SO4, HCl Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z Av`ª© we‡køwlZ n‡q ˆRe GwmW I A¨vj‡Kvnj Drcbœ K‡i|
‡hgb,
O O
|| H+ ||
CH3 - C-O-CH3+H2O ® CH3 - C- OH + CH3OH
wg_vBj B_vb‡qU B_vbwqK GwmWwg_vbj
O O
|| H2O ||
CH3 - C-O-CH3+NaOH ® CH3 - C- ONa+ CH3OH
‡mvwWqvg B_vb‡qU wg_vbj
A¨vwgb: ˆRe ‡hŠ‡Mi g‡a¨ nvB‡Wªv‡Rb I Aw·‡R‡bi cieZ©x weivRgvb †gŠjwU n‡jv bvB‡Uªv‡Rb| Avi A¨vwgb n‡jv Giƒc bvB‡Uªv‡Rb hy³ ˆRe †hŠM| mvaviYZ A¨v‡gvwbqvi GK ev GKvwaK nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cÖwZ¯’vwcZ n‡j †hme †hŠM Drcbœ nq Zv‡`i A¨vwgb e‡j|
A¨vwj‡dwUK A¨vwg‡bi mvaviY cÖ¯‘wZ:
wMÖMbvW© weKvi‡Ki mvnv‡h¨: wMÖMbvW© weKvi‡Ki (RMgX) m‡½ †K¬v‡iv A¨vwg‡bi wewµqvq cÖvBgvwi A¨vwgb Drcbœ nq|
D`vniY:
CH3MgBr + ClNH2 ® H3NH2+Mg(Br)Cl
A¨v‡iv‡gwUK A¨vwg‡bi mvaviY cÖ¯‘wZ:
1. †K¬v‡iv‡ebwRb †_‡K: ‡K¬v‡iv‡ebwRb‡K NH3 Gi mv‡_ wgwkÖZ K‡i Cu2O Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z 2000C ZvcgvÎvq DËß Kiv n‡j †K¬v‡iv‡ebwRb A¨vwbwj‡b iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| hv A¨v‡iv‡gwUK A¨vwgb|
A¨vwbwjb GKwU ÿviag©x †hŠM: jyBm gZev` Abymv‡i †hme c`v_© B‡jKUªb `vb Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges eªb‡÷W gZev` Abymv‡i †hme c`v_© †cÖvUb MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv‡`i ÿviK e‡j| A¨vwbwjb AYyi bvB‡Uªv‡Rb cigvYy‡Z GK‡Rvov gy³ B‡jKUªb _vKvq GwU GKwU †cÖvUb (H+) MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| d‡j A¨vwbwjb ÿviK wn‡m‡e AvPiY Ki‡Z cv‡i A_©vr GwU ÿviag©x nq|
Kvwe©j A¨vwgb wewµqv: 10 A¨vwgb‡K K‡qK †duvUv CHCl3 I A¨vj‡Kvnjxq KOH Gi m‡½ 60-700C DòZvq DËß Ki‡j Zxeª `yM©Ühy³ Kvwe©j A¨vwgb ev AvB‡mv mvqvbvBW MwVZ nq| GB DrKU M‡Üi Rb¨ G wewµqvi mvnv‡h¨ 10 A¨vwgb kbv³ Kiv nq|
600C
CH3-NH2+CHCl3+3KOH(alc) CH3-N=C+3KCl+3H2O
600C
¾NH2+CHCl3+3KOH(alc) N = C + 3KCl + 3H2O
bvBUªvm Gwm‡Wi m‡½ wewµqv: cÖvBgvwi A¨vwgb bvBUªvm Gwm‡Wi m‡½ wewµqv K‡i cÖvBgvwi A¨vj‡Kvnj Drcbœ K‡i|
NaNO2
R – NH2 ROH + N2 + H2O
HCl
‡m‡KÛvwi ev Uviwkqvwi A¨vwg‡bi m‡½ bvBUªvm Gwm‡Wi wewµqvq N2 M¨vm wbM©Z nq bv| Gfv‡e 10 A¨vwgb mbv³ Kiv hvq|
10, 20, 30 A¨vwg‡bi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨
cv_©‡K¨i welq | 10 A¨vwgb | 20 A¨vwgb | 30 A¨vwgb |
bvBUªvm Gwm‡Wi wµqv: | A¨vj‡Kvnj I N2 M¨vm Drcbœ K‡i| RNH2+HNO2 NaNO2+HCl Mvp
ROH + N2 + H2O | iwOb †ZjRvZxq bvB‡Uªv‡mv A¨vwgb Drcbœ K‡i| R2NH+HNO2 NaNO2+HCl
R2N.NO+H2O | cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq bvBUªvBU jeY MVb K‡i| R3N+HNO2 NaNO+HCl(Mvp)
[R3N+H]NO2 |
Kvwe©j A¨vwgb wewµqv: | `yM©Ühy³ Kvwe©j A¨vwgb Drcbœ †Kv‡bv wewµqv †bB nq| RHN2+CHCl3+KOH ®RNC+KCl +H2O | ‡Kv‡bv wewµqv †bB | ‡Kv‡bv wewµqv K‡i bv| |
A¨vj‡Kb, A¨vjwKb I A¨vjKvB‡bi kbv³Kvix cixÿv:
‰Re †hŠ‡M Am¤ú„³Zv A_ev wØe܇bi Dcw¯’wZ wbY©q:
‰Re †hŠ‡Mi AYymg~‡ni g‡a¨ Kve©b-Kve©b wØeÜb ev wÎeÜb Dcw¯’Z _vK‡j D³ †hŠMmg~n‡K Am¤ú„³ †hŠM e‡j Ges G‡`i ˆewkó¨c~Y© ag©‡K ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi Am¤ú„³Zv e‡j| wb‡¤œv³ `ywU cixÿv Øviv ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi Am¤ú„³Zv ev p-e܇bi Dcw¯’wZ cÖgvwYZ nq| ‡m¸‡jv n‡jv-
‡eªvwgb `ªeY cixÿv: CCl4 G jvj e‡Y©i Br2 ‡K `ªexf~Z K‡i `ÿ ZvcgvÎvq †Kv‡bv ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi m‡½ †hvM K‡i SuvKv‡j hw` AwZ `ªæZ †eªvwg‡bi jvj is P‡j hvq Zvn‡j eyS‡Z n‡e †hŠMwU Am¤ú„³|
D`vniY: Kve©b †UUªv‡K¬vivBW (CCl4) `ªve‡K `ªexf~Z jvj e‡Y©i †eªvwg‡b `ªe‡Y c„_Kfv‡e Bw_b I B_vBb †hvM Ki‡j †eªvwgb eY© we`~wiZ n‡q h_vµ‡g 1, 2 WvB‡eªv‡gv B‡_b I 1, 1, 2, 2 ‡UUªv‡eªv‡gv B‡_b bvgK eY©nxb hyZ †hŠM Drcbœ nq| wKš‘ G †ÿ‡Î B‡_b †Kv‡bviƒc wewµqv †`q bv|
CCl4
H2C=CH2+Br2 H2C – CH2
Br Br
1, 2 WvB‡eªv‡gv B‡_b (eY©nxb)
Br Br
CCl4 | |
HC º CH + Br2 HC = CH HC – CH
Br Br Br Br
1, 1, 2, 2 ‡UUªv‡eªv‡gv B‡_b (eY©nxb)
‡eqvi cixÿv: †Kv‡bv Am¤ú„³ ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi m‡½ 2/1 †duvUv 1% ÿvixq KMnO4 `ªeY †hvM K‡i SuvKv‡j cUvwkqvg cvig¨v½v‡b‡Ui ‡Mvjvwc eY© webó nq| G‡Z D³ †hŠ‡Mi Rvi‡Yi gva¨‡g A¨vjwK‡bi †ÿ‡Î MøvBKj Ges A¨vjKvB‡bi †ÿ‡Î ˆRe GwmW Drcbœ nq| Gfv‡e ÿvixq KMnO4 Gi weeY©xKiY Am¤ú„³ †hŠ‡Mi kbv³Ki‡Y e¨eüZ nq|
D`vniY: ÿvixq cUvwkqvg cvig¨v½v‡bU (KMnO4) Gi kxZj jNy Rjxq `ªe‡Y c„_K c„_Kfv‡e Bw_b I B_vBb Pvjbv Ki‡j D³ `ªe‡Yi †Mvjvwc eY© we`~wiZ n‡q h_vµ‡g B‡_b – 1, 2 WvBAj I B_vb WvBAwqK GwmW Drcbœ nq|
KMnO4
CH2=CH2+H2O + [O] CH2 – CH2
KOH | |
U‡jb weKviK: AwZwi³ A¨v‡gvwbqvg nvBWª·vBW `ªe‡Y wmjfvi bvB‡UªU †hvM Ki‡j ‡h eY©nxb `ªeY Drcbœ nq G‡K U‡jb weKviK ejv nq|
AgNO3 + 3NH4OH ® [Ag(NH3)2] OH + NH4NO3 + H2O
U‡jb weKviK
‡hgb-A¨vwmUvjwWnvB‡Wi m‡½ U‡jb weKvi‡Ki wewµqvq A¨v‡gvwbqvg A¨vwm‡UU, A¨v‡gvwbqv I wmjfvi `c©Y Drcbœ nq|
CH3-CHO+2[Ag(NH3)2]OH®H3C-COONH4+2Ag¯+H2O+3NH3
B_vb¨vj(`c©Y)
A¨vjwWnvBWmg~n U‡jb weKviK‡K weRvwiZ K‡i wmjfvi `c©Y Drcbœ Ki‡jI wK‡Uvbmg~n G weKviK‡K weRvwiZ K‡i bv| d‡j G‡ÿ‡Î wmjfvi `c©‡Yi m„wó nq bv|
‡dnwjs `ªeY:
Cu(OH)2 + NaKC4H4O6 ® Cu2(C4H4O6)2.Cu(OH)2
i‡kj jeY ‡dnwjs `ªeY
A¨vjwWnvBW I †dnwjs `ªe‡Yi wgkÖY‡K Zvc cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j A¨vjwWnvBW RvwiZ n‡q Gwm‡
D
R-CHO + Cu(OH)2+NaOH ® R-COONa+Cu2O ¯ +H2O
A¨vjwWnvBW †dnwjs `ªeY (jvj)
D
CH3-CHO+Cu(OH)2+NaOH®CH3-COONa+Cu2O¯ H2O
A¨vwmUvjwWnvBW †mvwWqvg B_vb‡qU (jvj)
-COOH kbv³Kvix cixÿv:
wjUgvm cixÿv: cÖ`Ë KwVb ev Zij ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi Rjxq `ªe‡Y cÖ_‡g bxj wjUgvm KvMR I c‡i jvj wjUgvm KvMR †hvM Kiv nq| [GB `ªeY w`‡q wb‡Pi NaHCO3 cixÿv Kiv nq|] | bxj wjUgvm KvMR jvj nq| A_©vr Rjxq wgkÖYwU A¤øxq| | KwVb e¯‘: A·vwjK GwmW, †ebRwqK GwmW, m¨vwjmvBwjK GwmW, mvKwmwbK GwmW| Zij e¯‘: HCOOH, CH3COOH, ‡dbj |
NaHCO3 Gi `ªeY cixÿv: GKwU †U÷wUDe NaHCO3 Gi m¤ú„³ `ªeY wb‡q, Gi g‡a¨ ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi `ªeY (Dc‡ii cixÿvi `ªeYwU) Aí Aí †hvM Kiv nq| | ey`ey` wjUgvm KvMR jvj nq| A_©vr Rjxq wgkÖYwU A¤øxq| | Kve©w·wjK g~jK (-COOH) Dcw¯’Z I wbwðZ| |
wMømvwib: wMømvwib GKwU eY©nxb, wgwó ¯^v`hy³ Nb Zij wmivc hv mvaviYZ wPwb/Pwe©i Av`ª©we‡køl‡Y cÖ¯‘Z Kiv hvq| GwU g~jZ UªvBnvBwWªK A¨vj‡Kvnj|
wMømvwib cÖ¯‘wZi wewµqv: D”PZi d¨vwU Gwm‡Wi †mvwWqvg ev cUvwkqvg jeY‡K mvevb e‡j| mvaviYZ †Zj ev Pwe© †_‡K mvevb Drcbœ Kiv nq| †Zj ev Pwe©‡K ÿvi †hv‡M Av`ª© we‡kølY K‡i mvevb Drcv`‡bi cÖwµqv‡K mvevbvqb e‡j| mvevbvqb cÖwµqvq DcRvZ wn‡m‡e wMømvwib Drcbœ nq|
‡hgb, wMømvwib UªvBw÷qv‡iU‡K Kw÷K †mvWvi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z Av`ª©we‡kølY Ki‡j †mvwWqvg w÷qv‡iU (mvevb) I wMømvwib Drcbœ K‡i|
CH2-OCO-C17H35 CH2 – OH
| D |
CH-OCO-C17H35 + 3NaOH(aq) CH–OH +3C17H35COONa
| | ‡mvwWqvg w÷qv‡iU (mvevb)
CH2-OCO- C17H35 CH2 – OH
‡dbj cÖ¯‘wZi wewµqv:
‡db‡ji Aci bvg Kve©wjK GwmW| GwU A¤øag©x nIqvq Z¡‡K ÿ‡Zi m„wó K‡i| mv‡ci Dc`ªe n‡Z euvPvi Rb¨ GwU N‡ii †fZ‡i wbivc` RvqMvq †evZ‡ji gyL †Lvjv ivL‡j welv³ mvc H N‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i bv Ges gvbyl I Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYx wbivc‡` emevm Ki‡Z cv‡i|
AvjKvZiv †_‡K weï× †dbj wb®‹vkb:
g~jbxwZ: AvjKvZiv AvswkK cvZ‡b cÖvß ga¨g †Z‡j cÖPzi cwigv‡Y †dbj _v‡K| Gi m‡½ wKQz †dbj RvZK Ges b¨vc_vwjbI _v‡K| G wgkÖY †_‡K ‡dbj‡K †mvwWqvg †d‡bU (C6H5ONa) iƒ‡c c„_K K‡i Zv‡K GwmW `ªe‡Y Av`ª© we‡kølY Ki‡j †dbj cvIqv hvq|
A¨vwbwjb †_‡K †dbj cÖ¯‘wZ:
A¨vwbwjb‡K bvBUªvm GwmW I HCl Øviv 0-50C ZvcgvÎvq wewµqv NUv‡j †ebwRb Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg †K¬vivBW ˆZwi nq| Drcbœ Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg jeY‡K cvwb Øviv dzUv‡j †dbj Drcbœ nq|
‡db‡ji kbv³Kvix wewµqv:
(i) ‡eªvwgb cvwb cixÿv|
(ii) ‡dwiK †K¬vivBW cixÿv|
(iii) wjevig¨vb cixÿv|
‡db‡ji e¨envi:
i. RxevYybvkK wn‡m‡e|
ii. Kvwj msiÿ‡Y|
iii. ‡e‡KjvBU (K…wÎg cøvw÷K) ˆZwi‡Z|
iv. A¨vmwcwib, m¨vwjmvBwjK GwmW cÖf…wZ Ilya cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z|
v. ‡dbd_¨vwjb cÖf…wZ iÄK cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z|
wUGbwU cÖ¯‘wZ I e¨envi:
2,4,6 UªvBbvB‡wUªv UjyBb‡K ms‡ÿ‡c TNT e‡j| †ebwRb‡K wd«‡Wj µvdU A¨vjKvB‡jkb wewµqvq UjyBb cvIqv hvq| A_©vr Abv`ª© AlCl3 Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z †ebwRb I wg_vBj †K¬vivB‡Wi wgkÖY‡K DËß Ki‡j UjyBb cvIqv hvq|
wewµqv:
e¨envi:
1. we‡õviK wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq|
2. wewfbœ ˆRe c`v_© ms‡kølY e¨envi nq|
3. wWbvgvBU ˆZwi I Ab¨vb¨ ivmvqwbK c`v‡_©i mn‡hvMx wn‡m‡e e¨envi nq|
‡WUj cÖ¯‘wZ I e¨envi:
g~jZ †WUj Zij RxevYybvkK, hv nvjKv njy` i‡Oi n‡q _v‡K| G‡Z †K¬v‡ivRvBwjbj g~j Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e _v‡K, Gi ivmvqwbK ms‡KZ C8H9ClO|
CCl4 `ªve‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z 3, 5-WvBwg_vBj †dbj‡K KuvPvgvj wn‡m‡e e¨envi K‡i SO2Cl2 mn †K¬vwi‡bkb Ki‡j †K¬v‡ivRvBwjb Z_v †WUj Drcbœ nq| hvi ivmvqwbK bvg 4-‡K¬v‡iv 3, 5 WvBwg_vBj †dbj|
e¨envi:
1. Zij †WUj RxevYybvkK wn‡m‡e e¨envi nq|
2. wcÖ-Acv‡iwUf Acv‡ik‡b ÿZ¯’v‡b RxevYyi msµgY cÖwZ‡iv‡a e¨envi nq|
3. AvNvZ ev `yN©UbvRwbZ ÿ‡Z †Kv‡bv cÖKvi Bb‡dKkb cÖwZ‡iv‡a e¨envi Kiv nq|
c¨vivwmUvgj cÖ¯‘wZ I e¨envi:
‡dbj‡K bvB‡Uªkb Ki‡j A‡_©v I c¨vivbvB‡Uªv †dbj cvIqv hvq cÖvß †hŠM‡K cybivq wUb I Mvp nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmWmn weRviY Ki‡j 4-A¨vwg‡bv †dbj cvIqv hvq| GB 4-A¨vwg‡bv †dbj‡K B_vbwqK A¨vbnvBWªvBW Øviv A¨vmvB‡jkb Ki‡j 4-nvB‡Wªvw· A¨vwmU¨vwbjvBW ev c¨vivwmUvgj cvIqv hvq|
e¨envi:
1. R¦i I gv_ve¨_v wbeviK wn‡m‡e e¨envi nq|
2. Gbvj‡RwmK wn‡m‡e e¨envi nq|
3. `uv‡Zi e¨_v I wewfbœ big †Kvl Kjvi AvNvZRwbZ e¨_v wbevi‡Y e¨envi nq|
cwjgvi
_v‡g©v‡mwUs cwjgvi _v‡g©vcøvw÷K cwjgv‡ii g‡a¨ cv_©K¨:
_v‡g©v‡mwUs cwjgvi | _v‡g©vcøvw÷K cwjgvi |
1. cÖavbZ mg‡hvRx e܇b Drcbœ wÎgvwÎK MV‡bi| | 1. cÖavbZ `xN© k„•Ljhy³| |
2. †Kv‡bv `ªve‡KB `ªexf~Z nq bv| | 2. Dchy³ `ªve‡K `ªexf~Z nq| |
3. †KejgvÎ GKevi DËvc cÖ‡qvM K‡i big K‡i Quv‡P Xvjv nq| | 3. B”Qvg‡Zv evi evi Zvc cÖ‡qv‡M big K‡i Quv‡P †X‡j AvK…wZ `vbv K‡i cybivq VvÐv K‡i wewfbœ e¨envh© `ªe¨ cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡jI Gi a‡g©i †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b nq bv| |
4. AwaKZi `„p, KwVb I f½yi| | 4. bgbxq, `„pZv Kg I Kg f½i| |
cwjgv‡ii mvaviY ˆewkó¨:
1. cwjgvi¸‡jv D”P AvYweK fiwewkó c`v_© nIqvq Zv‡`i AYy¸‡jvi g‡a¨ mskw³ RwbZ e‡ji gvb †ewk| ZvB mvaviY Ae¯’v‡Z Giv KwVb c`v_©|
2. cwjgv‡ii †ÿ‡Î wbw`©ófv‡e AvYweK ms‡KZ cÖKvk Kiv hvq bv| ms‡KZ cÖKvk Kivi mgq MVbg~jK ‘A’ Øviv D‡jøL Kiv nq|
3. cwjgvi AYy¸‡jvi k„•Lj KL‡bv mij, KL‡bv kvLv, Avevi KL‡bv RvwjKv ev KzÛjx AvKvi nq|
4. cwjgvi¸‡jvi k„•L‡ji ˆ`N©¨ wbw`©ó bv nIqvq Zv‡`i g‡a¨ AvKl©Y e‡ji gvb wfbœ nq| d‡j cwjgv‡ii wbw`©ó ‡Kv‡bv Mjbv¼ _v‡K bv, ZvcgvÎvi GKwU we¯Í…Z mxgvi g‡a¨ G‡`i Mjb cÖwµqv m¤úbœ nq|
5. cwjgvi AYy¸‡jvi AvYweK ¸iæZ¡ †ewk nIqvq Zv‡`i g‡a¨ f¨vbWvi-Iqvjm e‡ji gvb †ewk| d‡j †Kv‡bv `ªveK mn‡R AYy¸‡jv‡K c„_K Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB mvaviYfv‡e cwjgvi¸‡jv A`ªeYxq|
6. `ªve‡Ki †P‡q cwjgvi `ªe‡Yi mv›`ªZv A‡bK¸Y †ewk|
7. cwjgvi Zvc I Zwo‡Zi Acwievnx|
8. AwaKvsk cwjgv‡ii †ÿ‡Î †`Lv hvq GKwU ZvcgvÎvi Ic‡i cwjgvi¸‡jv big I cÖmviYkxj wKš‘ IB ZvcgvÎvi wb‡P cwjgvi¸‡jv k³ I KwVb| IB ZvcgvÎv‡K D³ cwjgv‡ii KvP Ae¯’všÍi ZvcgvÎv e‡j|
9. cwjgvi¸‡jvi NbZ¡ avZe c`v‡_©i †P‡q Kg nIqvq cwjgv‡ii ˆZwi wRwbm nvjKv wKš‘ `„p|
cøvw÷wmwU:
c`v_©weÁvb I e¯‘weÁv‡bi fvlvq cÖ‡qvMK…Z e‡ji cÖfv‡e c`v‡_©i AvKv‡ii AciveZ© cwieZ©bB n‡”Q cøvw÷wmwU| †hgb-avZz, gvwU, cv_i, KbwµU, ‡dbv, nvo Ges Pvgovq| GB a‡g©i cÖv‡qvwMK w`K n‡”Q †Kv‡bv c`v‡_©i Pvc ev ej mn¨ Kivi ÿgZv wbY©q K‡i we‡kl K‡i AeKvVv‡gvMZ wbg©v‡Y c`v‡_©i ¸YMZ gvb wbwðZ Kiv|
cwjw_b ev cwjBw_wjb:
cwjw_b ev cwjBw_wjb GKcÖKvi mijZg nvB‡WªvKve©b cwjgvi| cwjBw_wjb Drcv`b Kiv nq `y-cÖKvi c×wZ‡Z| h_v-(i) wb¤œ NbZ¡wewkó cwjw_b ev LDPE Ges (ii) D”P NbZ¡wewkó cwjw_b ev HDPE|
wb¤œ NbZ¡wewkó cwjw_b cÖ¯‘wZ: D”PPv‡c (1500-3000 evqygÛjxq Pvc) cÖvq 2000C ZvcgvÎvq Bw_wjb‡K ¯^í cwigvY Aw·‡Rb (AbyNUK) A_ev cvi·vBW (‡eb‡Rv‡qj cvi·vBW) cÖvi¤¢ m~P‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z DËß K‡i cwjw_b cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq|
cwjwfbvBj †K¬vivBW (PVC)
ivmvqwbKfv‡e PVC n‡jv wfbvBj †K¬vivBW ev †K¬v‡ivBw_‡bi (CH2 = CHCl) hyZ cwjgvi| Drcbœ wfbvBj †K¬vivBW‡K ‰Re cvi A·vBW cÖfve‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z AwaK Pvc I D”P ZvcgvÎvq DËß Ki‡j cwj wfbvBj †K¬vivBW (PVC) Drcbœ nq|
e¨envi: K…wÎg Pvgov ˆZwi‡Z N‡ii †g‡Si Kv‡c©wUs cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z, N‡ii Qv` ˆZwii wRwbmcÎ ˆZwi‡Z, cøvw÷K wmwiÄ, †iBb‡KvU, MÖv‡gv‡dvb †iKW© ˆZwii Rb¨ cwjwfbvBj †K¬vivBW e¨eüZ nq|
cwj÷vBwi‡bi e¨envi: cwj÷vBwib GKwU eûj e¨eüZ ¯^”Q _v‡g©v‡mwUs cøvw÷K| GwU cvbxq Lv`¨`ª‡e¨i cwi‡ek‡b GKevi e¨envh© (disposable) Møvm, Kvc ev aviK (disposable cutlery) ‰Zwi‡Z; Zij Km‡gwUKm ¯^”Q aviK ev †evZj ˆZwi‡Z; CD I DVD, Aj¼Kv‡ii †Km (case) ‰Zwi‡Z; TV-K¨vwe‡bU ˆZwi‡Z; wWm‡cv‡Rej †kwfs †iRi, wmwiÄ, ivmvqwbK `ªe¨, `ªveK I Lv`¨e¯‘i IR‡b nvjKv I Zvc wbiæ`K c¨v‡KwRs (‡dweª‡KU aviK) ˆZwi‡Z, wkï‡`i †Ljbv ˆZwi‡Z cwj÷vBwib e¨eüZ nq|
‡Udjb/cwj‡UUªv‡d¬viv Bw_wjb:
‡Udjb n‡jv †UUªv‡d¬v‡iv Bw_wj‡bi hyZ cwjgvi ev cwj‡UUªv‡d¬viv Bw_wjb| ivmvqwbK ms‡KZ : (C2F4)n ev (CF2)2n.
e¨envi: †Udjb D”P AvYweK fiwewkó mv`v e‡Y©i cøvw÷K Ges †d¬v‡iv Kve©b †hŠM| G‡Z Kve©b-‡d¬vwib eÜb AZ¨šÍ `„p e‡j GwU AZ¨šÍ wbw¯Œq, k³, gm„Y I bgbxq (non-stick), A`vn¨ c`v_©| GwU cvwb ev cvwbhy³ c`v_© Øviv KLbI wm³ nq bv| ZvB ‡Udjb M¨vm cvB‡ci †_ªW wmj †Uc wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq| Kv‡jv is‡qi †Udjb bb-w÷K d«vBs c¨vb I ivbœvi nvwocvwZj ˆZwi‡Z e¨eüZ nq| GwU cy‡o hvq bv e‡j DËß cwi‡e‡k we`y¨r Acwievnx wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq|
bvBjb-66:
Zš‘ wn‡m‡e e¨envi: `wo, gvQ aivi Rvj, eªvk, gkvwi cÖf…wZ cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z e¨envi Kiv nq| Uvqv‡ii KW© wn‡m‡eI bvBjb 66 e¨eüZ nq|
cøvw÷K wn‡m‡e e¨envi: bvBjb 66 Gi Uvb kw³ AvNvZ cÖwZ‡iva ÿgZv, Zvc mnbkxjZv ag©¸‡jvi _vKvi Rb¨ GwU avZzi cwie‡Z© e¨eüZ nq| †gvUiMvwoi †eqvwis, †ivjvi, AšÍiK c`v_© cÖf…wZ cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z GwU e¨eüZ nq|
e¨v‡KjvBU:
e¨envi: bgbxq e¨v‡KjvBU, hv‡`i wb¤œ gvÎvq cwjgvwi‡Rkb nq, Zviv ¯^”Q Avei‡Y †gvov Kv‡Vi Z³vq e¨eüZ AvVv cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z Ges evwb©k cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
hLb cwjgvwi‡Rkb D”PgvÎvq nq ZLb Abgbxq e¨v‡KjvBU Drcbœ nq, hv wPiæwb, dvD‡›Ub †c‡bi Kvwj fivi bj, MÖv‡gv‡dv‡bi †iKW©, ˆe`y¨wZK mvgMÖx cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z e¨eüZ nq| mvj‡dv‡b‡UW e¨v‡KjvBU Avqb wewbgqKvix †iwRb-G e¨eüZ nq, hv ¯’vqx Li cvwb‡K g„`y Ki‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
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